World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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A publication of the Secretariat of the Convention on International Tradein Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Lausanne, Switzerland. 1989.The publishers acknowledge the financial support of the Government ofJapan.This report was prepared under contract to the Secretariat of theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora by the lUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre which has now beenrestructured through a joint-partnership of lUCN, WWF and UNEP as theWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre.Andrew Desforges prepared country accounts for the Caribbean islands;Martin Jenkins prepared those for Ecuador and the Central American states(except Belize). Groombridge and Luxmoore were responsible for theremainder of the report, its planning and editing.© Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora. 1989.ISBN 2 88323 0013Cover drawing:Brian GroombridgeThe presentation of material in this book and the geographicaldesignations employed do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat or lUCN concerning thelegal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The view of the authors expressed in this publicaton do not necessarilyreflect those of the CITES Secretariat or lUCN.
COMTENTSPageSUMMARY 1INTRODUCTION 5SCOPE AND METHODS 5MARINE TURTLE SYSTEMATICS 7MARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 10TURTLE EXPLOITATION 22INTERNATIONAL TRADE 33OTHER THREATS TO MARINE TURTLES 43CONSERVATION STATUS 44SUMMARY TABLE 53AMERICAN SAMOA 59ANGOLA 61ANGUILLA 63ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 66ARUBA 69ASCENSION AND, ST HELENA 70AUSTRALIA 73QUEENSLAND 73WESTERN AUSTRALIA 78NORTHERN TERRITORY 81ISLAND TERRITORIES 82BAHAMAS 83BAHRAIN 87BANGLADESH 88BARBADOS 90BELIZE 92BENIN 96BERMUDA 97BRAZIL 99BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIES 104BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS 107BRUNEI 111BURMA 112CAMEROON 118CANARY ISLANDS 119CAPE VERDE ISLANDS 120CAYMAN ISLANDS 121CHILE 130CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF 131COLOMBIA 135CARIBBEAN 135PACIFIC 136COMORO ISLANDS 140CONGO 143COOK ISLANDS 144COSTA RICA 146CARIBBEAN 146PACIFIC 151CUBA 153CYPRUS 157DJIBOUTI 160ui
Page 7 and 8: CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
Page 13: .INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
Page 16 and 17: ..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
Page 20 and 21: ...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
Page 22: INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
Page 29 and 30: ..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
Page 38 and 39: INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
Page 40 and 41: INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
Page 48 and 49: I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
Page 52 and 53:
INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
Page 54 and 55:
INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
Page 56 and 57:
INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
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INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
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INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
Page 62 and 63:
INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
Page 64 and 65:
INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
Page 67 and 68:
AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
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ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
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ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
Page 77 and 78:
ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
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AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
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AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
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AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
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VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
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AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
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BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
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BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
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BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
Page 115 and 116:
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
Page 117 and 118:
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
Page 129 and 130:
CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
Page 169 and 170:
IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
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HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
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HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
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INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
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INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
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INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
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INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
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INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
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. SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
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1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
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INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
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mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
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INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
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INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
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INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
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1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
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INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
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INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
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0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
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INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
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IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
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ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
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JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
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JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
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I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
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I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
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KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
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KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
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KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
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KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
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KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
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KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
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LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
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MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
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. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagasc
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MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
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MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
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MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
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MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
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MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
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MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
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MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
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MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
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MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
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MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
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MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
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MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
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MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
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MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
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MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
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HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
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MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
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MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
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MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
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MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
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MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
Page 379 and 380:
MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
Page 381 and 382:
NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
Page 383 and 384:
NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
Page 401 and 402:
NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
Page 405 and 406:
OMANHistorical trends There is no d
Page 407 and 408:
PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
Page 419 and 420:
PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
Page 421 and 422:
PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
Page 423 and 424:
PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
Page 431 and 432:
PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
Page 453 and 454:
REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
Page 467 and 468:
SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
Page 479 and 480:
SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
Page 481 and 482:
SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
Page 483 and 484:
SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
Page 487 and 488:
SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
Page 489 and 490:
SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
Page 491 and 492:
SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
Page 499 and 500:
STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
Page 501 and 502:
ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
Page 503 and 504:
STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
Page 505 and 506:
ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
Page 507 and 508:
SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
Page 509 and 510:
SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
Page 513 and 514:
SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
Page 515 and 516:
SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
Page 517 and 518:
TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
Page 519 and 520:
TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
Page 521 and 522:
TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
Page 523 and 524:
THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
Page 525 and 526:
THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
Page 527 and 528:
THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
Page 529 and 530:
THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
Page 531 and 532:
TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
Page 533 and 534:
TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
Page 535 and 536:
TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
Page 537 and 538:
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
Page 539 and 540:
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
Page 541 and 542:
TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
Page 543 and 544:
TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
Page 545 and 546:
18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
Page 547 and 548:
TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
Page 549 and 550:
USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
Page 551 and 552:
USAHunting intensity Since the liii
Page 553 and 554:
mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
Page 555 and 556:
us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
Page 557 and 558:
VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
Page 559 and 560:
VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
Page 561 and 562:
VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
Page 563 and 564:
mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
Page 565 and 566:
VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
Page 567 and 568:
WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
Page 569 and 570:
WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
Page 571 and 572:
YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
Page 573 and 574:
YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Page 575 and 576:
mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
Page 577:
ZAIRENo recent information is avail
Page 580 and 581:
Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
Page 582 and 583:
EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585:
ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587:
REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589:
iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591:
REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593:
REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595:
REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597:
REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599:
REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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