World Status, Exploitation and Trade - WIDECAST

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RabesandratanaMADAGASCARdeclined through the 20th century, national production of worked shell andof stuffed juvenile turtles for sale to tourists has risen in recentdecades. Hughes (1973a: 117) suggested that either there is a balancebetween exploitation and recruitment, with overall exploitation at a similarlevel in the 1970s as in the inter-war years, or the fishery effort hasincreased. Hughes (1973a) reported that there is no evidence that fisheryeffort has in fact increased, and further, that some fishermen in thenorth-west claimed that E. imbricata numbers were increasing. Whilst thereappears to be no hard evidence for a decline in Hawksbill numbers overrecent decades, the apparent increased harvest of immature turtles may beexpected to have a long-term effect on population structure.Nesting season Vaillant and Grandidier (1910) state that sea turtlenesting in general in Madagascar occurs in September-February, particularlyin November-January, but this may well be applicable more to C. mydas thanto K. imbricata .Foraging sites Much suitable foraging habitat exists, primarily alongthe western seaboard, where coral reef development is extensive. Accordingto Vaillant and Grandidier (1910) E. imbricata abounded around the coralisles off the west and north-west coasts, where food was similarly abundant.THREATSA decline in sea turtle populations evident, according to Petit (1930), inthe inter-war years, was due to intensive harvest of adults (for food, oil,and tortoiseshell) and eggs. Exploitation appears to remain relativelyintense today, and may constitute a threat to populations. However, Hughes(1975) believes that C. mydas , at least, may be little-affected, since theharvest is mostly of foraging animals not solely of nesting females.EXPLOITATIONCommodity Sea turtles and their eggs are exploited extensively aroundthe coasts of Madagascar. The main species for human consumption areC. mydas and C. caretta . E. imbricata has been the victim of a long-termfishery for shell. Its meat is usually discarded, although it may be eatenby the very poorest people. There are no documented incidents of poisoning,but a law prohibiting the sale of Hawksbill meat was passed in 1884,apparently as a result of numerous poisonings on the island (Hughes,1973a). Decary (1950) reported that there was much superstition surroundingthe capture and eating of turtles, and that women were formerly not allowedto eat the meat, although this practice had been abandoned. The oil wassaid to be used as a cure for phagedenic ulcers (Decary, 1950).Hunting intensity Hunting is most intense around the south-west of theisland. Estimates of the harvest were made by Hughes, and the data weresubsequently re analysed by Frazier (1980). These are presented inTable 112. Harvests of C. caretta and L. olivacea were estimated to be 2014and 2400 respectively, with a combined weight of 289 300 kg; thus 72% of theedible turtle meat harvested (i.e. excluding E. imbricata ) is derived fromC. mydas . (1985) reported that the annual consumption ofturtle meat in Morombe, a district on the west coast, was about 2.5 tbetween 1979 and 1984, with a peak of 5.3 t in 1983. Eggs are muchrelished, but the intensity of collection is not known. Rakotonirina (pers.comm. to Bonnet, cited in litt . , 22 April 1987) reported that about twoC. mydas were landed weekly at Toliara and one daily at Itampola.302
. mydasMADAGASCARTable 112.Madagascar,(1971-1973a)gross weightEstimated annual harvest of Cand E. imbricata incompiled by Frazier (1980) from the work of HughesThe value was estimated at US$0.43 a kg, assuming 50% of theis consumable.Region Estimated annual catch Total Gross ValueJuvenile Subadult Adult Nos. Wt (kg) (US$)C. mydasS & SW 22A5 1166 3411 6822 7301A5 156022E. imbricata
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A publication of the Secretariat of
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CONTEMTSSARAWAK 314WEST MALAYSIA 31
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INTRODUCTIONSUMMARY1. Recent invest
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INTRODUCTIONoutboard motors, nylon
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.INTRODUCTIONSCOPE AND METHODSThe p
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..INTRODUCTIONshown to deserve form
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INTRODUCTIONMARINE TURTLE BIOLOGY A
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...INTRODUCTIONExcept for the nesti
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INTRODUCTION5 000 C. mydas nested i
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INTRODUCTIONMigration and philopatr
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INTRODUCTIONBut harvesting is rarel
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..INTRODUCTIONIf the details of hom
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INTRODUCTIONrelatively large averag
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INTRODUCTIONMethods ofturtle exploi
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INTRODUCTIONextremely heavy harvest
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INTRODUCTIONmight otherwise have su
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INTRODUCTION"preservationists in th
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INTRODUCTIONAlthough in global term
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INTRODUCTIONVery large quantities o
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I u-> I I I I II l/^ I i CM i I >0
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INTRODUCTIONsuggested (e.g. Dodd ,
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INTRODOCTIOMone of the recorded cau
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INTRODUCTIONNote^: the "indication
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INTRODUCTIOMNevertheless, there is
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INTRODUCTIONbecause of over-exploit
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INTRODUCTIONConservation status and
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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INTRODUCTIONTable 11, continued.Che
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AMERICAN SAMOAPOPULATION:Chelonia m
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ANGOLAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydasNest
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ANGUILLAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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ANGUILLALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA(1978, cited in
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ARUBAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
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ASCENSION AND ST HELENAForaging sit
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AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA:QUEENSLANDPOPULA
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AUSTEtALIAEXPLOITATIONThe main spec
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AUSTEUI.IADomestic trade Commercial
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VsAUSTRALIAArchipelago, all off the
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AUSTRALIALEGISLATIONWildlife Conser
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BAHAMASPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BAHAMASTable 18. Green Turtle and H
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BAHRAINGreen Turtles are reported t
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BANGLADESHCITES Annual Reports cont
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BARBADOSRANCHING/ HATCHERIESAn expe
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BELIZEForaging sites Whilst nesting
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BELIZEWildlife Protection Act 1981
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BERMUDAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
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BRAZILPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
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BRAZILPara are said to catch 0.2-0.
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BRAZILPortaria No. N-005, 31 Januar
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BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORIESFor
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSPOPULATION:Ch
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BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDSEXPLOITATIONC
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BRUNEIPOPULATIONAccording to Harris
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BURMAegg collection, now support mi
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BURMATable 30. Marine turtle eggs c
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BURMADomestic trade Most of the egg
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CANARY ISLANDS(SPAIN)There is only
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CAYMAN ISLANDSPOPULATIONThe breedin
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 33. Direct expo
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CAYMAN ISLANDSTable 36. Imports of
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CAYMAN ISLANDS(E.G. Roet in litt. t
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CAYMAN ISLANDSThe Marine Conservati
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFPOPULATIO
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CHINA,PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFHistorica
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COLOMBIACOLOMBIA:CASIBBBANPOPULATIO
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COLOMBIAEXPLOITATIONComnodity Green
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COLOMBIAconcerning permits for hunt
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COMORO ISLANDSJune. The peak appear
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CONGONo recent information is avail
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COOK ISLANDSPalmerston. About 50 tu
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COSTA RICATrends in nesting numbers
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COSTA RICATHREATSExploitation of tu
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COSTA RICACOSTA RICA:PACIFICPOPULAT
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CUBAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydas . Kr
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CUBAof 250 kg, 215 kg and 75 kg of
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CYPRUSPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNes
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CYPRUSLEGISLATIONFisheries Regulati
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IXMnNICAPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNe
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DOMINICALEGISLATIONTurtle Ordinance
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable 52. Estimat
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DOMINICAN REPUBLICTable S3. Officia
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"commercial". Thi
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ECUADORTHREATSNo information locate
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ECUADORHurtado notes some movement
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EGYPTEGYPT:MEDITERRANEANPOPULATIONA
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EGYPTcurios, but not, apparently, i
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EQUATORIAL GUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEA:
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ETHIOPIAPOPULATION: Chelonia mydaa
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FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIAwere
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FIJIPOPULATIOK :Chelonia mydasNesti
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FIJIThere is little qualitative inf
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~H01 «1-1 3^ >Lie0)iH« 2O VI-U g
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FRENCH GUIANAPOPULATION:Chelonla my
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FRENCH GUIANAArrete Prefectoral No.
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FRENCH POLYNESIATable 66. Total tra
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FRENCH POLYNESIAshow exports of 425
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GAMBIANo information is available o
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GRENADA AND THE GRENADIAN GRENADINE
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GUADELOUPE AND DEPENDENCIESNesting
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GUAMPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNestin
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GUATEMALAGUATEMALA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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GUATEMALAEXPLOITATIONCommodity Corn
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GUINEA BISSAUNo information availab
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GUYANATHREATSReichart et al (198A)
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HAITIin view of the quantity of tor
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1973
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HAWAIITable
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HONDURASHONDURAS:CARIBBEANPOPULATIO
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HONDURASDomestic trade Green Turtle
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HONDURASestablishes closed seasons,
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HONG KONGTable 75. Sources of impor
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INDIANesting numbers Nesting number
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INDIATable 77. Domestic exports of
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INDIAEXPLOITATIONConmodlty Both C.
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INDIAThe Andamans E. imbricata popu
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INDONESIAPangumbahan (SW Java),beac
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. SulawesiINDONESIATable 81continue
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1INDONESIAharvests are low in the b
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INDONESIAlaid at Pangumbahan. Schul
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mydasINDONESIALemukutanAlthough Sal
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INDONESIATable 88. Known E^ jmbrira
Page 260 and 261: INDONESIAparts of Riau and in Sulaw
Page 262 and 263: INDONESIAP. Pesambung, and perhaps
Page 264 and 265: INDONESIAThe harvest of adult E. im
Page 266 and 267: 1INDONESIAjewellery. Most of the to
Page 268 and 269: INDONESIAEven allowing for the fact
Page 270 and 271: INDONESIAJavaHawksbill rearing oper
Page 272 and 273: 0000n00CM0001c o c-P00O03LiOaSILio
Page 274 and 275: INDONESIATable 97. Percentage by we
Page 276 and 277: IRANfresh; it seems lilcely that a
Page 278 and 279: ISRAELPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNest
Page 280 and 281: iIVORY COASTNo information availabl
Page 282 and 283: JAMAICAHunting intensity Official S
Page 284 and 285: JAPANPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesti
Page 286 and 287: JAPANHunting methods Host of the tu
Page 288 and 289: I nIIII c^I u^f^ I i ^I o»—II r^
Page 290: I I lO I I I I< I I I10I I I I II I
Page 295 and 296: KAMPUCHEAAccording to Bourret (1941
Page 297 and 298: KENYAPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia mydasNe
Page 299 and 300: KENYAto Japan in 1976, 1977 and 197
Page 301 and 302: KIRIBATILine and Gilbert groups; Ba
Page 303 and 304: KIRIBATIcatching 200-300 Green turt
Page 305 and 306: KOREA,REPUBLIC OFTable 111. Destina
Page 307 and 308: LIBERIASome nesting by C. mydas has
Page 309: MADAGASCARevidence, Europa must mak
Page 313 and 314: MADAGASCARTable llA. Imports of raw
Page 315 and 316: MALAYSIAMALAYSIA:SABAHPOPULATIOK :C
Page 317 and 318: MALAYSIA1983 bearing a Philippines
Page 319 and 320: MALAYSIAlogarithmically transformed
Page 321 and 322: MALAYSIACustoms (Prohibition of Imp
Page 323 and 324: MALAYSIATable 122. Reported egg pro
Page 325 and 326: MALAYSIAThe only period when signif
Page 327 and 328: MALAYSIAWEST MALAYSIAPOPULATION:Che
Page 329 and 330: MALAYSIAinterpreting yield data fro
Page 331 and 332: MALAYSIAand 1978 there was a substa
Page 333 and 334: MALAYSIATable 131. International tr
Page 335 and 336: MALAYSIAA fifth hatchery was starte
Page 337 and 338: MALDIVESNesting season Didi (1983)
Page 339 and 340: MALDIVESthe 15 000 tourists were es
Page 341 and 342: MARSHALL ISLANDS.REPUBLIC OFPOPULAT
Page 343 and 344: HAHTINIQUEPOPULATION :Chelonia myda
Page 345 and 346: MARTINIQUEDomingue" (Dominican Repu
Page 347 and 348: MAURITANIAHunting methods Turtles a
Page 349 and 350: MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 138
Page 351 and 352: MAURITIUS AND DEPENDENCIESTable 139
Page 353 and 354: MAYOTTKPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNes
Page 355 and 356: MAYOTTK1987) recorded A2 shells fro
Page 357 and 358: MEXICOTable 141. Nest sites and est
Page 359 and 360: MEXICOTable 1A2. Nest sites and est
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MEXICOCampeche As noted above, Camp
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MEXICOno production at all was reco
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MEXICONesting season Nesting season
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MEXICOUntil the 1950s tortoiseshell
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MEXICO( Chelonia mydas or perhaps E
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MEXICOfigures, and based on an offi
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AtMEXICOalthough Alvarado and Figue
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MEXICOorigin Cayman Islands to Hong
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HONTSERE(ATDomestic trade Jeffers a
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MOZAMBIQUESingar and Mefunvo, near
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NAMIBIAWhile C. mydas is known to e
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESNETHERLANDS ANT
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLESSt Maarten: Spe
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NEW CALEDONIAPOPULATION:Chelonia my
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NEW CALEDONIAHunting methods Some t
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NICARAGUANICARAGUA:CARIBBEANPOPULAT
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NICASAGUAwages. Nietschmann (1981)
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NICARAGUAThe figures for 1980-82 ac
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NIGERIANo information available. Bo
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NORTHERN MARIANAS,COMMONWEALTH OFPO
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OMANalthough the species compositio
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OMANHistorical trends There is no d
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PAKISTANTable 153. Nesting emergenc
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PAKISTANbakeries who used them in b
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PALAU REPUBLICPOPULATION :Chelonia
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PALAU REPUBLICHunting methods Palau
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PANAMAPANAMA:CARIBBEANPOPULATION:Ch
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PANAMATable 155. Exports of tortols
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PANAMAEXPLOITATIONAccording to Corn
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAfrom West Sepik. Pr
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PAPUA NEW GUINEAinvolves many taboo
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PERUGreen Turtles have never been p
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PHILIPPINESPOPULATION:Chelonia myda
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PHILIPPINESambiguous. Reyes ( in li
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PHILIPPINESHunting intensity In spi
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PHILIPPINESStuffing industry in Zam
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PHILIPPINESTable 166. Imports of "T
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PHILIPPINESThe remaining 60% may be
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PUERTO RICOPOPULATION :Chelonla myd
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PUERTO RICOLEGISLATIONReglajnento D
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REUKION AND ILESBPARSESREUNIONReuni
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169. H
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESTable 169, a
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESLe Gall et a
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REUNION AND ILBS EPARSBScatch. This
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REUNION AND ILESEPARSESthe surface
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPEVirtually no r
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SAUDI ARABIANesting numbers No deta
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SAUDI ARABIAMigration No specific i
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ISENEGALPOPULAT I ON :Chelonia myda
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SEYCHELLESPOPULATION:Chelonia mydas
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SEYCHELLESwould thus have included
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SEYCHELLESaround Lhe Mozambiqup Cha
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SEYCHELLESTable 176. continuedFrazi
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SEYCHELLESmeat could have been eate
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SEYCHELLESTable 177. continuedYear
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SEYCHELLESThe Seychelles submitted
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SEYCHELLESotherwise take possession
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SINGAPOREPOPULATIONWhile both C. my
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SINGAPOREwithoul a licence.Import o
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SOLOMON ISLANDSManning Straits midw
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SOLOMON ISLANDSalso been a tendency
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SOMALIAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNe
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SOMALIAwork, five 20-m nets. Remora
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SOUTH AFRICABoth C. mydas and E. im
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SRILANKAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasN
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SRILANKAHistorical trends Turtle ex
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SRILANKAhave ceased to nest on the
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STKITTS-NBVISTHREATSAccording to To
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ST LUCIAPOPULATION : Chelonia mydas
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STLUCIAA trader from St Lucia, Char
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ST VINCENT AND THE ST VINCENT GRENA
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SUDANPOPULATION :Chelonia mydaaTher
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SURINAMEPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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SURINAHEBigisanti Beach except for
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SURINAMGTable 194. Estimates of the
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SURINAMEA proposal was prepared tuc
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TAIWANTable 196. Destinations of ex
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TANZANIAPOPULATION:Chelonla mydaaNe
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TANZANIAyear. Japanese Customs repo
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THAILANDPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNe
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THAILANDEXPLOITATIONCommodity The p
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THAILANDDomestic trade Turtle eggs
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THAILANDimposed for failure to comp
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TOKBLAUPOPULATION:Chalonla mydasNes
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TONGAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydasNest
Page 535 and 536:
TONGAInternational trade Tonga is n
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOother observatio
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOand up to TT$8.0
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TURKEYMigration In the absence of t
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TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSPOPULATION:C
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18-5TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDSturtles.
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TUVALUturtles seen at sea or on the
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USAPOPULATION:Chelonia mydasNesting
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USAHunting intensity Since the liii
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mydasus PACIFIC ISLANDSJARVISISLAND
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us VIRGIN ISLANDSTrends in nesting
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VANUATUPOPULATION Little informatio
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VENEZUELAPOPULATION :Chelonia mydas
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VENEZUELAforaging in Venezuelan wat
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mydasVIET NAMPOPULATION: Chelonia m
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VIET NAMThe lurtlos grt-w to 12 ini
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WESTERN SAHARANo information availa
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WESTERN SAMOAEXPLOITATIONContimodit
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YEMEN, ARAB REPUBLICPOPULATIONFour
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YEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Page 575 and 576:
mydasYEMEN, PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REP
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ZAIRENo recent information is avail
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Gonioz,ACKNOWLKDGKMEMTSS.W. Garland
Page 582 and 583:
EarthlinesREFERENCESAnon. (I'JSJb).
Page 584 and 585:
ofREFERENCESBalnzB, G.H. (1985b). H
Page 586 and 587:
REFERENCESBrown, R.A., Harvey, G.C.
Page 588 and 589:
iREFERENCESCliffLon, K., Cornejo, D
Page 590 and 591:
REFERENCESFAO (1973). Report to the
Page 592 and 593:
REFERENCESGarnett, M.C. (1979?) The
Page 594 and 595:
REFERENCESHillstead, H.O., Richards
Page 596 and 597:
REFERENCESJenkins, R.W.G. (19/8). T
Page 598 and 599:
REFERENCESLeh, Charles M.U., Poon ,
Page 600 and 601:
REFERENCESMayL, K.ti. (1986). I'rol
Page 602 and 603:
REFERENCESMfosov::Ky, N. (1983). Co
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCESPritchard, F.C.H. (1982a)
Page 606 and 607:
REFERENCESSchulz, J. P. (1984). Tuf
Page 608 and 609:
CentreREFERENCESUchida, I. (1980).
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