tions would be implemented, the fact that the British and the Americans werewilling to consider this closer relationship was a significant change from conditionsa year earlier.The last meeting of the Bailey Committee on 16 October 1940 also concernedintelligence but was specifically focused on “the general interchange of intelligencebetween the British and United States naval authorities in the Far East.” 272Discussions centered around ways that Far East intelligence cooperation could beenhanced, focusing on the possibility of establishing liaison officers between theFar East commands and establishing a secure method of exchanging intelligence.Recommendations were also made to instruct the U.S. and British naval attachésin Tokyo to liberalize their information exchange and to have ONI and NIDexchange any monographs they possessed on Japan and the mandated islands inthe Pacific under its control. 273 To support U.S. planning efforts for action againstJapan, Ghormley forwarded a complete disposition of all British forces in the FarEast as well as the latest British intelligence estimates on the disposition of Dutchforces in the Pacific. 274 While CNO Stark was unimpressed with the “British FarEastern War Plan [which]...shows much evidence of their usual wishful thinking,”he instructed the Commander of the Asiatic Fleet, Admiral T. C. Hart, to developa framework for cooperation with the British in the Far East and congratulatedGhormley for convincing “the British that there is a Western Pacific in which theUnited States is interested and in which they also have a great interest.” 275While Stark still obviously had disdain for the British, he did not let his personalfeelings get in the way of his strategic vision. This was the same periodduring which he completed the Plan Dog Memo, which outlined the frameworkof the Atlantic-first strategy, centered on cooperation with the British. Stark forwardeda copy of the plan to Ghormley, stating that he could share its existenceand contents with the British, but he was not to show it to them in its entirety as271 “Bailey Committee 6th Meeting Minutes,” Strategic Planning, 2-3.272 “B. C. I. Fourteenth Meeting, United States Naval Co-operation, Minutes of Meeting held onWednesday, 16th October, 1940,” 16 October, Strategic Planning, 1. Cited hereafter as “BaileyCommittee 14th Meeting Minutes,” Strategic Planning.273 “Bailey Committee 14th Meeting Minutes,” Strategic Planning, 1-2.274Robert Ghormley, RADM, USN, Memorandum to Admiral Harold Stark, USN, Chief ofNaval Operations, 30 October 1940, Strategic Planning.275 Harold Stark, ADM, USN, Chief of Naval Operations, Letter to Captain T. C. Hart, USN,Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet, 12 November 1940, Stark Papers, 1; Harold Stark, ADM,USN, Chief of Naval Operations, Letter to Rear Admiral Robert Ghormley, USN,16 November1940, Stark Papers. Cited hereafter as “Stark Letter to Ghormley,” 16 November 1940, StarkPapers.77
it was not official U.S. policy. Stark clearly saw that there was a need to formalizeall the work Ghormley had done, or the U.S. Navy would be ill-prepared tocooperate with the British when the two countries became allies. 276 Soon afterthis, with the election now behind the President, the U.S. acceded to the Britishrequest, made long ago, for formal staff talks. 277 Stark notified Ghormley, tellinghim to let the British know these would be frank and honest discussionsbetween equals. 278 Ghormley and Kirk, through the Standardization of ArmsTalks and the Bailey Committee, had laid the groundwork for alliance and theBritish efforts to entice the U.S. into cooperation were now beginning to bearfruit. Although these new staff talks would also remain secret, Ghormley andKirk would continue to play key roles in the development of the alliance whenthey traveled back to the United States to prepare for the ABC-1 talks, whichwould be held in Washington DC.ABC-1 Talks—29 January 1941–27 March 1941The plenary session of the ABC-1 talks was held on 29 January 1941. Thesenior U.S. member at the talks was Army Major General S. D. Embick. RADMGhormley was designated as the senior naval representative, with RADM Turner,the Navy’s War Plans Officer, and CAPT Kirk, now the DNI, assisting. 279 CNOStark stressed to the group that the security of the talks was of the utmost importancebecause, if word of them leaked out it would likely “cause a most seriousdelay in the coordination of our plans for war and a retarding effect on the passageof the Lend-Lease Bill,” which was then making its way through Congress.280 The purpose of the talks was to “determine the best methods by whichthe armed forces of the United States and the British Commonwealth...coulddefeat Germany and the Powers allied with her, should the United States be compelledto resort to war.” 281 To this end, the participants were supposed to deter-276“Stark Letter to Ghormley,” 16 November 1940, Stark Papers; Harold Stark, ADM, USN,Chief of Naval Operations, Letter to Rear Admiral Robert Ghormley, USN,19 November 1940,Stark Papers.277 The U.S. accepted on 29 November 1940. For additional information see Reynolds, 184;Morison, The Battle of the Atlantic, 42-44.278 Morison, The Battle of the Atlantic, 44-45.279COMNAVEU Administrative History, 9; Harold Stark, ADM, USN, Chief of Naval Operations,Letter to Rear Admiral Robert Ghormley, USN, 24 January 1941, Strategic Planning; “Minutesof the Plenary Meeting Held in Navy Department,” 29 January 1941, Strategic Planning. Citedhereafter as “Plenary Meeting,” 29 January 1941, Strategic Planning.280 Plenary Meeting,” 29 January 1941, Strategic Planning.281 Department of the Navy, “Report on United States-British Staff Conversations,” 27 March1941, Stark Papers. Cited hereafter as “Report on U.S.-UK Staff Talks,” 27 March 1941, StarkPapers.78
- Page 1 and 2:
COURTING A RELUCTANT ALLYAn Evaluat
- Page 4:
The Joint Military Intelligence Col
- Page 8 and 9:
FOREWORDTo most Americans alive tod
- Page 10 and 11:
PROLOGUESince World War II, the Uni
- Page 12 and 13:
Chapter 1THE STATUS OF INTELLIGENCE
- Page 14 and 15:
action, a propaganda unit, or an ec
- Page 16 and 17:
officers assisted by 20 civilian cl
- Page 18 and 19:
ships in violation of treaty limits
- Page 20 and 21:
assessments. By 1941, ONI was releg
- Page 22 and 23:
might bear on their work.” 39 As
- Page 24 and 25:
ility over time, its operational in
- Page 26 and 27:
Chapter 2U.S.-UK RELATIONS, 1914-19
- Page 28 and 29:
told by the Chief of Naval Operatio
- Page 30 and 31:
ups of the early 20th century. 65 T
- Page 32 and 33:
firmly believed that British polici
- Page 34:
ecame one of the primary sources of
- Page 37 and 38: of shoring up their strategic weakn
- Page 39 and 40: mon framework for negotiation with
- Page 43 and 44: assuaged British concerns about the
- Page 45 and 46: In the area of intelligence exchang
- Page 47 and 48: clear to the Americans that if they
- Page 49 and 50: in his mind worked against closer c
- Page 51 and 52: praised the fighting spirit of the
- Page 53 and 54: through November of 1940 persuaded
- Page 55 and 56: and Great Britain. His principalcon
- Page 57 and 58: eceived by the British and from the
- Page 59 and 60: gear designed by the British. Altho
- Page 61 and 62: American Attitudes On Intelligence
- Page 63 and 64: information did have an impact on K
- Page 65 and 66: the affair. 183 This lack of resent
- Page 67 and 68: tion exchanges. Even more significa
- Page 69 and 70: nation (BSC) mission, is now availa
- Page 71 and 72: good will and encouraged greater co
- Page 73 and 74: would merely show Donovan “the be
- Page 75 and 76: Lothian passed Hill’s proposal to
- Page 77 and 78: still a powerful influence. While Z
- Page 79 and 80: Since the Tizard Mission had only a
- Page 81 and 82: appropriating large increases to th
- Page 83 and 84: the French, a point which would not
- Page 85 and 86: equested that RADM Ghormley remain
- Page 87: when he [Pott] comes to O.N.I. he i
- Page 91 and 92: efforts that had begun with the Sta
- Page 93 and 94: high-level ABC-1 staff talks which
- Page 95 and 96: to successfully interpret the instr
- Page 97 and 98: to little more than a nebulous stat
- Page 99 and 100: to offer.” 319 Others in the Brit
- Page 101 and 102: Operational Intelligence Cooperatio
- Page 103 and 104: Godfrey’s main concern was most l
- Page 105 and 106: possesses complementary capabilitie
- Page 107 and 108: 2. Be prepared to give something of
- Page 109 and 110: had in forming its own Joint Intell
- Page 112 and 113: GLOSSARYABC-1ALUSNALondonBGENBSCCAP
- Page 114 and 115: APPENDIX AA NOTE ON SOURCESArchival
- Page 116: APPENDIX BMAJOR EVENTS IN U.S.-UK I
- Page 119 and 120: ________. Foreign Relations of the
- Page 121 and 122: ________. “The Secret of the Chur
- Page 123 and 124: Zacharias, Ellis M., CAPT, USN. Sec
- Page 126 and 127: INDEXAABC-1 Talks 41, 57, 74-75, 78
- Page 128 and 129: IImagery Intelligence (IMINT) 12, 8
- Page 130 and 131: Signals Intelligence(SIGINT) 2-3, 7
- Page 132: PCN 53512ISBN 0-9656195-9-1