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Source: Ministry of National Defense, ROK, “Defense White Paper,” 2006. Figure 6-1. Projected Relocation of U.S. Bases in South Korea. Nevertheless, according to General James D. Thurman, commander of U.S. forces in Korea, “transitioning from 107 bases to less than 50” will ultimately result in “enhanced force protection, survivability, and lower cost maintenance in Korea.” 32 The effect of this plan is already saving money for both the United States and South Korea. 128
BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FOR THE FUTURE The Roh government in 2005 unleashed the most substantial reform agenda in recent years for the South Korean military, “Defense Reform 2020.” This was the Roh government’s vision for a ROK military that would be smaller, more modern, and capable of global missions—not just one focused on dealing with the North Korean threat. By 2020, the total military manpower would be cut by some 25 percent, with the ROK army seeing its numbers drop from 548,000 to 371,000—a loss of four corps and 23 divisions. These cuts were combined with reductions in the time conscripts would have to serve in the nation’s army and navy by 6 months and in the air force by 8 months, with a deadline of 2014 for putting these new service requirements in place. In theory, these reductions in manpower would be made up with acquisition of new, advanced military hardware and systems. 33 The plan, however, suffered from a number of problems. First, it required more resources than were budgeted. Second, many experts assessed the original schedule for systems acquisition and troop cuts to be inadequate to account for North Korea’s own growing asymmetric capabilities in nuclear and ballistic missile weapons—a problem no doubt exacerbated by President Roh’s overly sanguine view of North Korea’s own strategic intentions. Third, the plan did not anticipate the command-and-control requirements that would flow from South Korea’s decision to transition by 2015 to a more self-reliant force. 34 Shortly after Lee Myung-bak was elected president in 2008, his government moved to modify both the substance and the timelines of Defense Reform Plan 129
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GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
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STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a
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United States. It no longer retains
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the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
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fort to provide an accurate, well-r
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However, Italy remains one of the w
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Source: Data derived from Internati
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Under new austerity measures, Italy
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and even missiles for its planes. I
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Indeed, at the turn of the century,
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not been reversed, and, as predicte
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force, especially in the cases of I
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On the ground, Italy’s contributi
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But in an area nearly half the size
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eliminated military overhead and th
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the next half-decade. Although new
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how it will involve the country in
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6. The last white paper was publish
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21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
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CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
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the following decade. 2 It outlined
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ument’s strong association with R
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The second prominent theme of the 2
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Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
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• Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
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e until 2016 that all of the submar
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Canberra will remain acutely sensit
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a range of over 200 nautical miles.
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ADF needs to be postured to support
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Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
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Assuming that the base of support f
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defense cuts and predicted revenue
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5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
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Appropriations Specified by Outcome
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48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
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CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
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cially with respect to blue-water o
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permitted relatively rapid degradat
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necessary to equip them, in additio
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Sources: International Institute fo
Page 87 and 88: sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
Page 89 and 90: Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
Page 91 and 92: With a moderately rising defense bu
Page 93 and 94: fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
Page 95 and 96: Sources: International Institute fo
Page 97 and 98: The desire to maintain a balanced f
Page 99 and 100: Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
Page 101 and 102: 16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
Page 103 and 104: 147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
Page 107 and 108: Every German security policy expert
Page 109 and 110: 4 years. In relation to its overall
Page 111 and 112: crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
Page 113 and 114: System Current or orginally planned
Page 115 and 116: In assessing this strategy and its
Page 117 and 118: odds with de Maizière’s plea to
Page 119 and 120: Second, the development of German h
Page 121 and 122: efrain from engaging the enemy. In
Page 123 and 124: most observers applaud this bold co
Page 125 and 126: do so, the government would need th
Page 127 and 128: 13. For a critique of the “missin
Page 129 and 130: CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
Page 131 and 132: INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
Page 133 and 134: has been equipped with the best mar
Page 135 and 136: sile 6 (SM-6) for low-altitude defe
Page 137: The accord governing South Korean p
Page 141 and 142: the ministry submitted a request to
Page 143 and 144: was both premature and dangerous to
Page 145 and 146: In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
Page 147 and 148: Although many details still needed
Page 149 and 150: in production the U.S. and South Ko
Page 151 and 152: April 7, 2013, available from www.n
Page 153 and 154: 21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
Page 155 and 156: www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
Page 157: 51. Hwang Sung-hee, “Korea, U.S.
Page 160 and 161: essential to Poland’s security, t
Page 162 and 163: gross domestic product (GDP) on def
Page 164 and 165: whenever possible, there will be co
Page 166 and 167: Source: Ministry of National Defenc
Page 168 and 169: Air and missile defenses (AMD), how
Page 170 and 171: MSBS 5.56 program to develop a new
Page 172 and 173: eration among the Nordic, Baltic, a
Page 174 and 175: and EU membership for Poland’s se
Page 176 and 177: will rely on the United States to f
Page 178 and 179: The government seems aware of the r
Page 180 and 181: 5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
Page 182 and 183: 20. If true, the deployment of Iska
Page 184 and 185: would not face greater budget reduc
Page 186 and 187: damental transformation of the Fren
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downsizing of the French military a
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The white paper appears to suggest
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
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able. According to the 2013 white p
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fleet of smaller tactical transport
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during the wars in the Persian Gulf
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and Northern Africa from the Sahel
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state. Essentially freezing the def
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4. Government of France, “LOI n°
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20. “Discours de François Hollan
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38. See French National Assembly Co
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CHAPTER 9 TAIWANESE HARD POWER: BET
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DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
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promulgated the Anti-Secession Law
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The Ma Ying-jeou administration lik
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For example, the MND claims it will
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Even so, the QDR describes a force
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from the United States. The navy re
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Source: The Looming Taiwan Fighter
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striking PLA targets and by bringin
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and considering the pull of the isl
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“All-out defense” includes an e
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Rather than trying to destroy incom
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mainland does not eliminate the nee
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23. “Taiwan to Deploy 3 More PAC-
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41. Once the transition is complete
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In member states, the effects of th
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tion that remains both open and in
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deployed. In France, for instance,
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WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
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obtaining equipment they would othe
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a range of different missions. 33 D
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Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
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there is still considerable discuss
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of joint air-land operations. They
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6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
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18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
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31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
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CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
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sions), its airspace, and its terri
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This is not to suggest that discuss
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and the key hard-power expeditionar
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The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
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Thus, if a smaller force with bette
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In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
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new platforms such as the Apache at
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Defence White Paper continued, “W
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These eight tasks capture the wide-
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no passing craze: it outlasted the
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Strategic ambivalence is a national
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As the basis for national strategy,
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14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
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CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
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such arrangements existed before th
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non-NATO countries and that has an
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An important ongoing program area f
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arrangements typically involve nati
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testing facilities, defense researc
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In addition, nations working togeth
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ilities, in military doctrines, in
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informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
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also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
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30. It should be kept in mind that
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Understanding how Japanese policyma
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Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
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JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
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THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
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ticularly important functions and c
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2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
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Japan is also developing its own st
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It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
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In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
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society have intensified competitio
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STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
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nese interests in other parts of th
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WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
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can capabilities necessarily lead o
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NATO has streamlined and concentrat
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still fly older but very capable ai
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Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
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interceptors and sensors, hosting a
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NATO nations continue decreasing de
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The UK and Italy provided remotely
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National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
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in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
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from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
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ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
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of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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