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The white paper appears to suggest that there will be a two-tiered system for the armed forces: one wellequipped and trained, the other slated for domestic security missions not requiring sophisticated or costly equipment. 16 The military personnel involved in domestic operations will have fewer opportunities to participate in operations abroad and will train with equipment that is less than state-of-the-art. On the whole, this makes the French Army less attractive as a profession, and could lead to major problems operationally should those troops be required to conduct operations abroad. A second major concern generated by the white paper is its implications for military procurement. In March 2013, France’s largest defense firms wrote a letter to Hollande expressing their concerns that when it comes to possible cuts in defense spending, “it is essential that industrial and socio-economic issues be taken into account as seriously as budget issues.” 17 The defense budget is perceived differently than other elements of public spending. French defense firms are seen as a pillar of French industry, providing high-skilled jobs and generating technological innovations that are of use in both the military and civilian domains. The defense industry also contributes positively to the country’s balance of trade: one-third of its annual revenue, nearly €15 billion, comes from defense-related exports. 18 To square the circle of saving money but maintaining France’s defense industrial base, Hollande decided to continue procurement of most major weapons systems but simultaneously renegotiate the contracts for those systems by either buying fewer allotments or delaying deliveries and payments. Defense companies were compensated for the renegotiation of these 180
contracts with firm orders in the amount of €45.2 billion (see Table 8-1). 19 While the French military remains one of the best-equipped militaries in the world in terms of the systems themselves, there are increasing worries as to whether they will be fielded in operationally relevant numbers. Programs 2008 Planned Orders Firm Orders A400M aircraft 50 50 Rafale aircraft 286 180 Barracuda-class submarines 6 3 FREMM frigates 11 11 ASTER missiles 575 535 Naval cruise missiles 200 200 NH90 helicopters 160 61 Tiger attack helicopters 80 80 FELIN equipment 22,588 22,588 VBCI armored vehicles 630 630 Sources: Directorate General of Armaments, “Equipement” (“Equipment”), available from www.defense.gouv.fr/ga/equipement; and French Court of Auditors, Le bilan à mi-parcours de la loi de programmation militare (Midterm Review on the Military Programming Law), Paris, France, July 2012, p. 71, available from www. livreblancdefenseetsecurite.gouv.fr/pdf/2012_07_11-cour-des_comptes_ rapport_thematique_bilan_lpm.pdf. Table 8-1. Orders for Major Weapons Systems. 181
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GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
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STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a
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United States. It no longer retains
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the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
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fort to provide an accurate, well-r
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However, Italy remains one of the w
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Source: Data derived from Internati
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Under new austerity measures, Italy
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and even missiles for its planes. I
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Indeed, at the turn of the century,
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not been reversed, and, as predicte
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force, especially in the cases of I
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On the ground, Italy’s contributi
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But in an area nearly half the size
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eliminated military overhead and th
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the next half-decade. Although new
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how it will involve the country in
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6. The last white paper was publish
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21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
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CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
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the following decade. 2 It outlined
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ument’s strong association with R
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The second prominent theme of the 2
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Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
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• Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
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e until 2016 that all of the submar
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Canberra will remain acutely sensit
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a range of over 200 nautical miles.
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ADF needs to be postured to support
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Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
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Assuming that the base of support f
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defense cuts and predicted revenue
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5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
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Appropriations Specified by Outcome
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48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
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CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
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cially with respect to blue-water o
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permitted relatively rapid degradat
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necessary to equip them, in additio
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Sources: International Institute fo
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sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
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Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
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With a moderately rising defense bu
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fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
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Sources: International Institute fo
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The desire to maintain a balanced f
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Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
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16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
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147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
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CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
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Every German security policy expert
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4 years. In relation to its overall
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crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
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System Current or orginally planned
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In assessing this strategy and its
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odds with de Maizière’s plea to
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Second, the development of German h
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efrain from engaging the enemy. In
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most observers applaud this bold co
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do so, the government would need th
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13. For a critique of the “missin
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CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
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INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
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has been equipped with the best mar
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sile 6 (SM-6) for low-altitude defe
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The accord governing South Korean p
Page 139 and 140: BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FO
Page 141 and 142: the ministry submitted a request to
Page 143 and 144: was both premature and dangerous to
Page 145 and 146: In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
Page 147 and 148: Although many details still needed
Page 149 and 150: in production the U.S. and South Ko
Page 151 and 152: April 7, 2013, available from www.n
Page 153 and 154: 21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
Page 155 and 156: www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
Page 157: 51. Hwang Sung-hee, “Korea, U.S.
Page 160 and 161: essential to Poland’s security, t
Page 162 and 163: gross domestic product (GDP) on def
Page 164 and 165: whenever possible, there will be co
Page 166 and 167: Source: Ministry of National Defenc
Page 168 and 169: Air and missile defenses (AMD), how
Page 170 and 171: MSBS 5.56 program to develop a new
Page 172 and 173: eration among the Nordic, Baltic, a
Page 174 and 175: and EU membership for Poland’s se
Page 176 and 177: will rely on the United States to f
Page 178 and 179: The government seems aware of the r
Page 180 and 181: 5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
Page 182 and 183: 20. If true, the deployment of Iska
Page 184 and 185: would not face greater budget reduc
Page 186 and 187: damental transformation of the Fren
Page 188 and 189: downsizing of the French military a
Page 192 and 193: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
Page 194 and 195: able. According to the 2013 white p
Page 196 and 197: fleet of smaller tactical transport
Page 198 and 199: during the wars in the Persian Gulf
Page 200 and 201: and Northern Africa from the Sahel
Page 202 and 203: state. Essentially freezing the def
Page 204 and 205: 4. Government of France, “LOI n°
Page 206 and 207: 20. “Discours de François Hollan
Page 208 and 209: 38. See French National Assembly Co
Page 211 and 212: CHAPTER 9 TAIWANESE HARD POWER: BET
Page 213 and 214: DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
Page 215 and 216: promulgated the Anti-Secession Law
Page 217 and 218: The Ma Ying-jeou administration lik
Page 219 and 220: For example, the MND claims it will
Page 221 and 222: Even so, the QDR describes a force
Page 223 and 224: from the United States. The navy re
Page 225 and 226: Source: The Looming Taiwan Fighter
Page 227 and 228: striking PLA targets and by bringin
Page 229 and 230: and considering the pull of the isl
Page 231 and 232: “All-out defense” includes an e
Page 233 and 234: Rather than trying to destroy incom
Page 235 and 236: mainland does not eliminate the nee
Page 237 and 238: 23. “Taiwan to Deploy 3 More PAC-
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In member states, the effects of th
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tion that remains both open and in
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deployed. In France, for instance,
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WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
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obtaining equipment they would othe
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a range of different missions. 33 D
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Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
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there is still considerable discuss
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of joint air-land operations. They
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6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
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18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
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31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
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CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
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sions), its airspace, and its terri
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This is not to suggest that discuss
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and the key hard-power expeditionar
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The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
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Thus, if a smaller force with bette
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In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
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new platforms such as the Apache at
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Defence White Paper continued, “W
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These eight tasks capture the wide-
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no passing craze: it outlasted the
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Strategic ambivalence is a national
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As the basis for national strategy,
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14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
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CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
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such arrangements existed before th
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non-NATO countries and that has an
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An important ongoing program area f
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arrangements typically involve nati
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testing facilities, defense researc
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In addition, nations working togeth
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ilities, in military doctrines, in
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informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
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also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
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30. It should be kept in mind that
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Understanding how Japanese policyma
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Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
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JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
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THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
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ticularly important functions and c
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2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
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Japan is also developing its own st
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It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
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In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
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society have intensified competitio
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STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
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nese interests in other parts of th
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WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
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can capabilities necessarily lead o
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NATO has streamlined and concentrat
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still fly older but very capable ai
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Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
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interceptors and sensors, hosting a
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NATO nations continue decreasing de
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The UK and Italy provided remotely
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National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
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in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
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from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
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ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
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of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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