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6. The last white paper was published in 1985. See Maurizio Cremasco, “Italy: A New Role in the Mediterranean?” John Chipman, ed., NATO’s Southern Allies, London, UK: Routledge, 1988. 7. Italian Ministry of Defense, Nuove Forze per un Nuovo Secolo (A New Force for a New Century), Rome, Italy, 2001, available from www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/IlPeriodico_Anni- Precedenti/Documents/2001_-_Nuove_forze_per_un_nuovo_secolo. pdf#search=Nuove%20Forze%20. 8. Italian Ministry of Defense, Libro Bianco (2002 White Paper), 2002, Rome, Italy, December 20, 2001, available from www.difesa. it/Approfondimenti/ArchivioApprofondimenti/Libro_Bianco/Pagine/ Premessa.aspx. 9. Italian Ministry of Defense, Il Concetto Stategico del Capo di Stato Maggiore della Difesa (The Chief of the Italian Defence Staff Strategic Concept), Piedimonte Matese, Italy, April 2005, available from www.aeronautica.difesa.it/Missione/Documents/libroconcettostrategico.pdf. 10. Italian Ministry of Defense, Investire in Sicurezza: Forze Armate: Uno Strumento in Evoluzione (Invest in Security: The Armed Forces: An Evolving Tool), Piedimonte Matese, Italy, October 2005, available from www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/ periodico/IlPeriodico_AnniPrecedenti/Documents/Investire_in_ sicurezza.pdf#search=Investire%20in%20Sicurezza. 11. For the army, this meant an Italian combat land force consisting of 10 brigades (three light, three medium, three heavy, and one airborne), with planned modernization of ground combat vehicles and attack and transport helicopters. For the navy, it meant a smaller but more capable fleet, with larger amphibious transport ships, a new aircraft carrier flying F-35Bs, replacing an existing carrier with new amphibious assault ships, and new diesel submarines. For the air force, the future fleet would eventually consist of a mix of Eurofighter Typhoons and F-35s, and a sustained deployment capability of 45-50 Aircraft, with four new KC-767 aerial refueling tankers. See Italian Ministry of Defense, Ivestire in Sicurezza. 30
12. For characterization of Italy’s threat environment as “multidimensional,” see Il Concetto Stategico, p. 10. 13. Italian Ministry of Defense, Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Difesa per l’Anno 2001 (Additional Note to the Defense Budget for the Year 2001), October 2001, available from www.difesa. it/Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/58570_na_2001.pdf. 14. Ibid. 15. Italian Ministry of Defense, Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Difesa per l’Anno 2006, 2006, available from www. difesa.it/Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/86808_Nota- Aggiuntiva2006.pdf. 16. Italian Ministry of Defense, Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Difesa per l’Anno 2002 (presented to the Italian Senate March 18, 2002), available from www.difesa.it/Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/22689_notaaggiuntiva2002.pdf. 17. Italian Ministry of Defense, Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Difesa per l’Anno 2007 (presented to the Italian Senate May 15, 2007), available from www.difesa.it/Content/ Documents/nota_aggiuntiva/86808_NotaAggiuntiva2007.pdf, accessed on September 25, 2012. 18. Italian Ministry of Defense, Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Difesa per l’Anno 2009 , 2009, available from www.difesa.it/Content/Documents/nota_aggiuntiva/3171_Nota_ Aggiuntiva_2009.pdf, accessed on September 25, 2012. 19. Italian Ministry of Defense, Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Difesa per l’Anno 2012 (presented to the Italian Senate in April 2012), available from www.difesa.it/ Approfondimenti/Nota-aggiuntiva/Documents/NotaAggiuntiva2012. pdf, accessed on September 1, 2012. 20. “Italy Removes Aircraft Carrier from Libya Campaign,” Defense News, July 7, 2011, available from www.defensenews.com/ article/20110707/DEFSECT05/107070311/Italy-Removes-Aircraft- Carrier-from-Libya-Campaign. 31
Page 1 and 2: GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
Page 3: STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
Page 6 and 7: ***** Comments pertaining to this r
Page 8 and 9: 9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a
Page 10 and 11: United States. It no longer retains
Page 12 and 13: the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
Page 14 and 15: fort to provide an accurate, well-r
Page 16 and 17: However, Italy remains one of the w
Page 18 and 19: Source: Data derived from Internati
Page 20 and 21: Under new austerity measures, Italy
Page 22 and 23: and even missiles for its planes. I
Page 24 and 25: Indeed, at the turn of the century,
Page 26 and 27: not been reversed, and, as predicte
Page 28 and 29: force, especially in the cases of I
Page 30 and 31: On the ground, Italy’s contributi
Page 32 and 33: But in an area nearly half the size
Page 34 and 35: eliminated military overhead and th
Page 36 and 37: the next half-decade. Although new
Page 38 and 39: how it will involve the country in
Page 42 and 43: 21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
Page 47 and 48: the following decade. 2 It outlined
Page 49 and 50: ument’s strong association with R
Page 51 and 52: The second prominent theme of the 2
Page 53 and 54: Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
Page 55 and 56: • Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
Page 57 and 58: e until 2016 that all of the submar
Page 59 and 60: Canberra will remain acutely sensit
Page 61 and 62: a range of over 200 nautical miles.
Page 63 and 64: ADF needs to be postured to support
Page 65 and 66: Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
Page 67 and 68: Assuming that the base of support f
Page 69 and 70: defense cuts and predicted revenue
Page 71 and 72: 5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
Page 73 and 74: Appropriations Specified by Outcome
Page 75 and 76: 48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
Page 79 and 80: cially with respect to blue-water o
Page 81 and 82: permitted relatively rapid degradat
Page 83 and 84: necessary to equip them, in additio
Page 85 and 86: Sources: International Institute fo
Page 87 and 88: sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
Page 89 and 90: Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
Page 91 and 92:
With a moderately rising defense bu
Page 93 and 94:
fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
Page 95 and 96:
Sources: International Institute fo
Page 97 and 98:
The desire to maintain a balanced f
Page 99 and 100:
Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
Page 101 and 102:
16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
Page 103 and 104:
147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
Page 105 and 106:
CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
Page 107 and 108:
Every German security policy expert
Page 109 and 110:
4 years. In relation to its overall
Page 111 and 112:
crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
Page 113 and 114:
System Current or orginally planned
Page 115 and 116:
In assessing this strategy and its
Page 117 and 118:
odds with de Maizière’s plea to
Page 119 and 120:
Second, the development of German h
Page 121 and 122:
efrain from engaging the enemy. In
Page 123 and 124:
most observers applaud this bold co
Page 125 and 126:
do so, the government would need th
Page 127 and 128:
13. For a critique of the “missin
Page 129 and 130:
CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
Page 131 and 132:
INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
Page 133 and 134:
has been equipped with the best mar
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sile 6 (SM-6) for low-altitude defe
Page 137 and 138:
The accord governing South Korean p
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BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FO
Page 141 and 142:
the ministry submitted a request to
Page 143 and 144:
was both premature and dangerous to
Page 145 and 146:
In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
Page 147 and 148:
Although many details still needed
Page 149 and 150:
in production the U.S. and South Ko
Page 151 and 152:
April 7, 2013, available from www.n
Page 153 and 154:
21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
Page 155 and 156:
www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
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51. Hwang Sung-hee, “Korea, U.S.
Page 160 and 161:
essential to Poland’s security, t
Page 162 and 163:
gross domestic product (GDP) on def
Page 164 and 165:
whenever possible, there will be co
Page 166 and 167:
Source: Ministry of National Defenc
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Air and missile defenses (AMD), how
Page 170 and 171:
MSBS 5.56 program to develop a new
Page 172 and 173:
eration among the Nordic, Baltic, a
Page 174 and 175:
and EU membership for Poland’s se
Page 176 and 177:
will rely on the United States to f
Page 178 and 179:
The government seems aware of the r
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5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
Page 182 and 183:
20. If true, the deployment of Iska
Page 184 and 185:
would not face greater budget reduc
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damental transformation of the Fren
Page 188 and 189:
downsizing of the French military a
Page 190 and 191:
The white paper appears to suggest
Page 192 and 193:
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
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able. According to the 2013 white p
Page 196 and 197:
fleet of smaller tactical transport
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during the wars in the Persian Gulf
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and Northern Africa from the Sahel
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state. Essentially freezing the def
Page 204 and 205:
4. Government of France, “LOI n°
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20. “Discours de François Hollan
Page 208 and 209:
38. See French National Assembly Co
Page 211 and 212:
CHAPTER 9 TAIWANESE HARD POWER: BET
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DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
Page 215 and 216:
promulgated the Anti-Secession Law
Page 217 and 218:
The Ma Ying-jeou administration lik
Page 219 and 220:
For example, the MND claims it will
Page 221 and 222:
Even so, the QDR describes a force
Page 223 and 224:
from the United States. The navy re
Page 225 and 226:
Source: The Looming Taiwan Fighter
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striking PLA targets and by bringin
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and considering the pull of the isl
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“All-out defense” includes an e
Page 233 and 234:
Rather than trying to destroy incom
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mainland does not eliminate the nee
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23. “Taiwan to Deploy 3 More PAC-
Page 239:
41. Once the transition is complete
Page 242 and 243:
In member states, the effects of th
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tion that remains both open and in
Page 246 and 247:
deployed. In France, for instance,
Page 248 and 249:
WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
Page 250 and 251:
obtaining equipment they would othe
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a range of different missions. 33 D
Page 254 and 255:
Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
Page 256 and 257:
there is still considerable discuss
Page 258 and 259:
of joint air-land operations. They
Page 260 and 261:
6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
Page 262 and 263:
18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
Page 264 and 265:
31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
Page 267 and 268:
CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
Page 269 and 270:
sions), its airspace, and its terri
Page 271 and 272:
This is not to suggest that discuss
Page 273 and 274:
and the key hard-power expeditionar
Page 275 and 276:
The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
Page 277 and 278:
Thus, if a smaller force with bette
Page 279 and 280:
In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
Page 283 and 284:
new platforms such as the Apache at
Page 285 and 286:
Defence White Paper continued, “W
Page 287 and 288:
These eight tasks capture the wide-
Page 289 and 290:
no passing craze: it outlasted the
Page 291 and 292:
Strategic ambivalence is a national
Page 293 and 294:
As the basis for national strategy,
Page 295 and 296:
14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
Page 297 and 298:
CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
Page 299 and 300:
such arrangements existed before th
Page 301 and 302:
non-NATO countries and that has an
Page 303 and 304:
An important ongoing program area f
Page 305 and 306:
arrangements typically involve nati
Page 307 and 308:
testing facilities, defense researc
Page 309 and 310:
In addition, nations working togeth
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ilities, in military doctrines, in
Page 313 and 314:
informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
Page 315 and 316:
also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
Page 323:
30. It should be kept in mind that
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Understanding how Japanese policyma
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Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
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JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
Page 336 and 337:
THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
Page 338 and 339:
ticularly important functions and c
Page 340 and 341:
2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
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Japan is also developing its own st
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It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
Page 348 and 349:
In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
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society have intensified competitio
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STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
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nese interests in other parts of th
Page 356 and 357:
WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
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can capabilities necessarily lead o
Page 364 and 365:
NATO has streamlined and concentrat
Page 366 and 367:
still fly older but very capable ai
Page 368 and 369:
Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
Page 370 and 371:
interceptors and sensors, hosting a
Page 372 and 373:
NATO nations continue decreasing de
Page 374 and 375:
The UK and Italy provided remotely
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National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
Page 384 and 385:
in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
Page 388 and 389:
from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
Page 392 and 393:
ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
Page 394:
of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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