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4. Government of France, “LOI n° 2013-1168 du 18 décembre 2013 relative à la programmation militaire pour les années 2014 à 2019 et portant diverses dispositions concernant la défense et la sécurité nationale” (“Law No. 2013-1168 of December 18, 2013, Pertaining to the Military Program for the Years 2014 to 2019”), January 1, 2014, available from www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte. do;jsessionid=?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028338825. 5. Entretien du président de la République sur France 2” (“Interview with the President of the Republic on France 2”), France 2, March 28, 2013, available from www.elysee.fr/interviews/article/ entretien-du-president-de-la-republique-sur-france/. 6. Vincent Lamigeon, “Défense et livre blanc: la demi-victoire budgétaire des militaires et de l’industrie de l’armement” (“Defense White Paper: Fiscal Half-Victory for the Military and the Defense Industry”), Challenges, April 4, 2013, available from www. challenges.fr/economie/20130404.CHA7981/bercy-defense-et-livreblanc-la-demi-victoire-budgetaire-des-militaires-et-de-l-industrie-de-larmement.html. 7. See Government of France, “LOI no 96-589 du 2 juillet 1996 relative à la programmation militaire pour les années 1997 à 2002” (“Law No. 96-589 of July 2, 1996, Related to the the Military Programming Law for the Years 1997 to 2002”), July 2, 1996, available from legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=9CB2BFEB3123BFA 5C927AEA3F57F2FE2.tpdjo09v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT0000005602 00&categorieLien=id. 8. International Institute for Strategic Studies, “NATO and Non-NATO Europe,” The Military Balance 1998, Vol. 98, No. 1, p. 50; International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Europe,” The Military Balance 2003, Vol. 103, No. 1, p. 39. 9. International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Chapter Four: Europe,” The Military Balance 2013, Vol. 113, No. 1, p. 131. 10. Emmanuel Cugny, “Budget Defense 2014–2019: Les longs soupirs de la Grande mette” (“Defense Budget 2014–19, The Army’s Big Sigh”), France Info, November 26, 2013, available from www.franceinfo.fr/economie/tout-info-tout-eco/budget-defense- 2014-2019-rendez-vous-a-l-assemblee-nationale-1227037-2013-11-26. 194
11. During 1997–2002, €12.6 billion allotted to the procurement budget was not distributed. 12. See Government of France, Livre Blanc: Défense et Sécurité Nationale 2008 (White Paper: Defense and National Security 2008), Paris, France, 2008, available from archives.livreblancdefenseetsecurite.gouv.fr/2008/information/les_dossiers_actualites_19/livre_blanc_ sur_defense_875/livre_blanc_1337/livre_blanc_1340/index.html. 13. French Court of Auditors, Le bilan à mi-parcours de la loi de programmation militaire (Midterm Review on the Military Programming Law), Paris, France, July 2012, p. 71, available from www.livreblancdefenseetsecurite.gouv.fr/pdf/2012_07_11-cour_des_ comptes_rapport_thematique_bilan_lpm.pdf. 14. Véronique Guillermard and Cécile Crouzel, “Défense: 5,5 milliards de report de commandes” (“Defence: 5.5 Billion in Deferred Orders”), Le Figaro, September 28, 2012, available from www.lefigaro.fr/conjoncture/2012/09/28/20002-20120928ART- FIG00443-defense-55-milliards-de-report-de-commandes.php. 15. Livre Blanc: Défense et Sécurité Nationale 2013, p. 69. 16. Vigipirate is France’s national security alert system. 17. Emmanuel Grasland and Alain Ruello, “Les industriels de l’armement adressent un message d’alerte à Hollande” (“Defense Industry Players Send Hollande a Word of Warning”), Les Échos, March 13, 2013, available from www.lesechos.fr/13/03/2013/lesechos. fr/0202639098086_les-industriels-de-l-armement-adressent-un-message-d-alerte-a-hollande.htm. 18. Direction Générale de l’Armement (General Directorate for Armament, or DGA) is the French government defense procurement agency. 19. See French Senate, Rapport D’Information N°680 (Information Report No. 680), July 18, 2012, p. 42, available from www.livreblancdefenseetsecurite.gouv.fr/pdf/2012_07_18-rapport_senat-format_ emploi_armees.pdf. 195
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GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
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STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a
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United States. It no longer retains
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the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
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fort to provide an accurate, well-r
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However, Italy remains one of the w
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Source: Data derived from Internati
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Under new austerity measures, Italy
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and even missiles for its planes. I
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Indeed, at the turn of the century,
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not been reversed, and, as predicte
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force, especially in the cases of I
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On the ground, Italy’s contributi
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But in an area nearly half the size
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eliminated military overhead and th
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the next half-decade. Although new
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how it will involve the country in
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6. The last white paper was publish
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21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
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CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
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the following decade. 2 It outlined
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ument’s strong association with R
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The second prominent theme of the 2
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Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
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• Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
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e until 2016 that all of the submar
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Canberra will remain acutely sensit
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a range of over 200 nautical miles.
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ADF needs to be postured to support
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Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
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Assuming that the base of support f
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defense cuts and predicted revenue
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5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
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Appropriations Specified by Outcome
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48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
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CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
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cially with respect to blue-water o
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permitted relatively rapid degradat
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necessary to equip them, in additio
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Sources: International Institute fo
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sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
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Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
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With a moderately rising defense bu
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fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
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Sources: International Institute fo
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The desire to maintain a balanced f
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Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
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16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
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147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
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CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
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Every German security policy expert
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4 years. In relation to its overall
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crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
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System Current or orginally planned
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In assessing this strategy and its
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odds with de Maizière’s plea to
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Second, the development of German h
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efrain from engaging the enemy. In
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most observers applaud this bold co
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do so, the government would need th
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13. For a critique of the “missin
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CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
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INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
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has been equipped with the best mar
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sile 6 (SM-6) for low-altitude defe
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The accord governing South Korean p
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BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FO
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the ministry submitted a request to
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was both premature and dangerous to
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In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
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Although many details still needed
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in production the U.S. and South Ko
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April 7, 2013, available from www.n
Page 153 and 154: 21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
Page 155 and 156: www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
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Page 160 and 161: essential to Poland’s security, t
Page 162 and 163: gross domestic product (GDP) on def
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Page 166 and 167: Source: Ministry of National Defenc
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Page 178 and 179: The government seems aware of the r
Page 180 and 181: 5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
Page 182 and 183: 20. If true, the deployment of Iska
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Page 192 and 193: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
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Page 213 and 214: DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
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Page 219 and 220: For example, the MND claims it will
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Page 225 and 226: Source: The Looming Taiwan Fighter
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Page 246 and 247: deployed. In France, for instance,
Page 248 and 249: WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
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Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
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there is still considerable discuss
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of joint air-land operations. They
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6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
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18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
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31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
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CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
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sions), its airspace, and its terri
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This is not to suggest that discuss
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and the key hard-power expeditionar
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The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
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Thus, if a smaller force with bette
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In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
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new platforms such as the Apache at
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Defence White Paper continued, “W
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These eight tasks capture the wide-
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no passing craze: it outlasted the
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Strategic ambivalence is a national
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As the basis for national strategy,
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14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
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CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
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such arrangements existed before th
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non-NATO countries and that has an
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An important ongoing program area f
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arrangements typically involve nati
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testing facilities, defense researc
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In addition, nations working togeth
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ilities, in military doctrines, in
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informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
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also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
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30. It should be kept in mind that
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Understanding how Japanese policyma
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Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
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JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
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THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
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ticularly important functions and c
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2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
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Japan is also developing its own st
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It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
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In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
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society have intensified competitio
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STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
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nese interests in other parts of th
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WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
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can capabilities necessarily lead o
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NATO has streamlined and concentrat
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still fly older but very capable ai
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Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
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interceptors and sensors, hosting a
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NATO nations continue decreasing de
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The UK and Italy provided remotely
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National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
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in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
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from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
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ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
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of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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