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9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a ROC and a Hard Place ………………….....................201 Michael Mazza 10. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Land Forces: Losing Ground ………...............231 Guillaume Lasconjarias 11. United Kingdom Hard Power: Strategic Ambivalence ……………………...…257 Paul Cornish 12. Pooling and Sharing: The Effort to Enhance Allied Defense Capabilities ….........287 W. Bruce Weinrod 13. Japanese Hard Power: Rising to the Challenge ……………………………….315 Toshi Yoshihara 14. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Air Power: A Self-Reliant Europe? ..…...........351 Craig Franklin About the Contributors ...........................................381 vi
FOREWORD Since the end of World War II, the United States has made maintaining a favorable balance of power in Eurasia a core element of its national security strategy. It did so in good measure by maintaining a large conventional military force that was based not only at home, but also in bases spread across Europe and Asia. That strategy was buttressed by developing security ties and alliances with key powers and frontline states. The implicit bargain was that the United States would help keep the peace on their door front if they would provide access from which American forces could operate and, in turn, maintain credible forces themselves to reinforce and support U.S. efforts at keeping the great power peace. The question raised by this collection of essays is: Is that bargain unraveling? As the following chapters note, since the end of the great power threat posed by the Soviet Union, both the United States and its principal allies have seen fit to cut the size of their forces substantially and, in most cases, slowed efforts at replacing military systems and platforms. The quandary many of America’s allies have faced is, on the one hand, reforming their militaries to make them more expeditionary and useful for addressing various security problems—such as piracy, terrorism, and the instability brought about by collapsing regimes. On the other hand, not having the political resources at home to prioritize defense spending in the face of domestic demands and, more recently, faltering economies are also problems that need to be considered. The result is smaller, half-modernized militaries with often significant gaps in key capabilities. The strategic problem is that, while its allies and partners have shrunk their militaries, so too has the vii
Page 1 and 2: GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
Page 3: STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
Page 6 and 7: ***** Comments pertaining to this r
Page 10 and 11: United States. It no longer retains
Page 12 and 13: the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
Page 14 and 15: fort to provide an accurate, well-r
Page 16 and 17: However, Italy remains one of the w
Page 18 and 19: Source: Data derived from Internati
Page 20 and 21: Under new austerity measures, Italy
Page 22 and 23: and even missiles for its planes. I
Page 24 and 25: Indeed, at the turn of the century,
Page 26 and 27: not been reversed, and, as predicte
Page 28 and 29: force, especially in the cases of I
Page 30 and 31: On the ground, Italy’s contributi
Page 32 and 33: But in an area nearly half the size
Page 34 and 35: eliminated military overhead and th
Page 36 and 37: the next half-decade. Although new
Page 38 and 39: how it will involve the country in
Page 40 and 41: 6. The last white paper was publish
Page 42 and 43: 21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
Page 47 and 48: the following decade. 2 It outlined
Page 49 and 50: ument’s strong association with R
Page 51 and 52: The second prominent theme of the 2
Page 53 and 54: Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
Page 55 and 56: • Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
Page 57 and 58: e until 2016 that all of the submar
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Canberra will remain acutely sensit
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a range of over 200 nautical miles.
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ADF needs to be postured to support
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Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
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Assuming that the base of support f
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defense cuts and predicted revenue
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5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
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Appropriations Specified by Outcome
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48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
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CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
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cially with respect to blue-water o
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permitted relatively rapid degradat
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necessary to equip them, in additio
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Sources: International Institute fo
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sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
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Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
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With a moderately rising defense bu
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fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
Page 95 and 96:
Sources: International Institute fo
Page 97 and 98:
The desire to maintain a balanced f
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Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
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16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
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147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
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CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
Page 107 and 108:
Every German security policy expert
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4 years. In relation to its overall
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crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
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System Current or orginally planned
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In assessing this strategy and its
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odds with de Maizière’s plea to
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Second, the development of German h
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efrain from engaging the enemy. In
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most observers applaud this bold co
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do so, the government would need th
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13. For a critique of the “missin
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CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
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INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
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has been equipped with the best mar
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sile 6 (SM-6) for low-altitude defe
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The accord governing South Korean p
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BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FO
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the ministry submitted a request to
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was both premature and dangerous to
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In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
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Although many details still needed
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in production the U.S. and South Ko
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April 7, 2013, available from www.n
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21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
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www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
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51. Hwang Sung-hee, “Korea, U.S.
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essential to Poland’s security, t
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gross domestic product (GDP) on def
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whenever possible, there will be co
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Source: Ministry of National Defenc
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Air and missile defenses (AMD), how
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MSBS 5.56 program to develop a new
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eration among the Nordic, Baltic, a
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and EU membership for Poland’s se
Page 176 and 177:
will rely on the United States to f
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The government seems aware of the r
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5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
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20. If true, the deployment of Iska
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would not face greater budget reduc
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damental transformation of the Fren
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downsizing of the French military a
Page 190 and 191:
The white paper appears to suggest
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
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able. According to the 2013 white p
Page 196 and 197:
fleet of smaller tactical transport
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during the wars in the Persian Gulf
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and Northern Africa from the Sahel
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state. Essentially freezing the def
Page 204 and 205:
4. Government of France, “LOI n°
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20. “Discours de François Hollan
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38. See French National Assembly Co
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CHAPTER 9 TAIWANESE HARD POWER: BET
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DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
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promulgated the Anti-Secession Law
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The Ma Ying-jeou administration lik
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For example, the MND claims it will
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Even so, the QDR describes a force
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from the United States. The navy re
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Source: The Looming Taiwan Fighter
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striking PLA targets and by bringin
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and considering the pull of the isl
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“All-out defense” includes an e
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Rather than trying to destroy incom
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mainland does not eliminate the nee
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23. “Taiwan to Deploy 3 More PAC-
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41. Once the transition is complete
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In member states, the effects of th
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tion that remains both open and in
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deployed. In France, for instance,
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WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
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obtaining equipment they would othe
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a range of different missions. 33 D
Page 254 and 255:
Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
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there is still considerable discuss
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of joint air-land operations. They
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6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
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18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
Page 264 and 265:
31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
Page 267 and 268:
CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
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sions), its airspace, and its terri
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This is not to suggest that discuss
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and the key hard-power expeditionar
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The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
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Thus, if a smaller force with bette
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In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
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new platforms such as the Apache at
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Defence White Paper continued, “W
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These eight tasks capture the wide-
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no passing craze: it outlasted the
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Strategic ambivalence is a national
Page 293 and 294:
As the basis for national strategy,
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14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
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CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
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such arrangements existed before th
Page 301 and 302:
non-NATO countries and that has an
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An important ongoing program area f
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arrangements typically involve nati
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testing facilities, defense researc
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In addition, nations working togeth
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ilities, in military doctrines, in
Page 313 and 314:
informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
Page 315 and 316:
also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
Page 323:
30. It should be kept in mind that
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Understanding how Japanese policyma
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Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
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JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
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THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
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ticularly important functions and c
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2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
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Japan is also developing its own st
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It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
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In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
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society have intensified competitio
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STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
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nese interests in other parts of th
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WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
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can capabilities necessarily lead o
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NATO has streamlined and concentrat
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still fly older but very capable ai
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Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
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interceptors and sensors, hosting a
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NATO nations continue decreasing de
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The UK and Italy provided remotely
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National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
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in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
Page 388 and 389:
from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
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ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
Page 394:
of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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