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Sources: International Institute for Strategic Studies, “Chapter 4,
Europe,” The Military Balance 2013, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 89-198; International
Institute for Strategic Studies, “NATO and Non-NA-
TO Europe,” The Military Balance 2000, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 35-108;
and International Institute for Strategic Studies, “NATO,” The
Military Balance 1995, Vol. 95, No. 1, pp. 33-67.
Figure 4-4. Spain (Total Ships by Category).
Spain’s shipbuilding industry has competed
strongly on the world market, cooperating with
France’s state-owned DCNS on the Scorpène submarine
program, which morphed into Spain’s S-80 class,
four of which remain under construction even in light
of ongoing defense cuts. 36 Additionally, Spanish shipbuilders
are constructing the second of two 27,000-ton
Canberra-class LHDs for the Royal Australian Navy. 37
The primary threat to Spain’s navy from ongoing
budget woes is its inability to modernize and maintain
82