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However, Italy remains one of the world’s leading economies; it had the eighth largest gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011. 2 Indeed, in terms of the size of its economy and population, the two nations Italy most resembles are France and the United Kingdom (UK). But, in terms of willingness to turn these attributes into hard military power, Rome falls short of benchmarks set by Paris and London. As Figure 2-1 elucidates, Italy’s defense burden (measured as a percentage of GDP), while never high in the past, has declined even more in recent years. 3 As a percentage of GDP, Italy’s defense burden has dropped substantially from what it was just a decade ago—and well below the 2 percent minimum that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies agreed to try to obtain at the alliance summit in Prague in 2002. Source: Data derived from “Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Difesa per l’Anno” (“Additional Note to the Defense Budget for the Year”), 2003-2011/2012. Data expressed in current prices. Figure 2-1. Italy’s Defense Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP. 6
Although both France and the UK have also seen defense spending decline, Italy’s per-capita expenditure on defense, according to the Italian defense ministry, lags significantly behind that of its NATO allies (see Figure 2-2). On the face of it, Italy is punching well below its weight (see Figure 2-3). Source: Data Derived from “Nota Aggiuntiva allo Stato di Previsione per la Defesa” (2003-2011/2012). Data expressed in current prices. Figure 2-2. Defense Spending per Capita (€). 7
Page 1 and 2: GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
Page 3: STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
Page 6 and 7: ***** Comments pertaining to this r
Page 8 and 9: 9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a
Page 10 and 11: United States. It no longer retains
Page 12 and 13: the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
Page 14 and 15: fort to provide an accurate, well-r
Page 18 and 19: Source: Data derived from Internati
Page 20 and 21: Under new austerity measures, Italy
Page 22 and 23: and even missiles for its planes. I
Page 24 and 25: Indeed, at the turn of the century,
Page 26 and 27: not been reversed, and, as predicte
Page 28 and 29: force, especially in the cases of I
Page 30 and 31: On the ground, Italy’s contributi
Page 32 and 33: But in an area nearly half the size
Page 34 and 35: eliminated military overhead and th
Page 36 and 37: the next half-decade. Although new
Page 38 and 39: how it will involve the country in
Page 40 and 41: 6. The last white paper was publish
Page 42 and 43: 21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
Page 47 and 48: the following decade. 2 It outlined
Page 49 and 50: ument’s strong association with R
Page 51 and 52: The second prominent theme of the 2
Page 53 and 54: Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
Page 55 and 56: • Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
Page 57 and 58: e until 2016 that all of the submar
Page 59 and 60: Canberra will remain acutely sensit
Page 61 and 62: a range of over 200 nautical miles.
Page 63 and 64: ADF needs to be postured to support
Page 65 and 66: Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
Page 67 and 68:
Assuming that the base of support f
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defense cuts and predicted revenue
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5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
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Appropriations Specified by Outcome
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48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
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CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
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cially with respect to blue-water o
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permitted relatively rapid degradat
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necessary to equip them, in additio
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Sources: International Institute fo
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sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
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Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
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With a moderately rising defense bu
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fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
Page 95 and 96:
Sources: International Institute fo
Page 97 and 98:
The desire to maintain a balanced f
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Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
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16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
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147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
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CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
Page 107 and 108:
Every German security policy expert
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4 years. In relation to its overall
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crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
Page 113 and 114:
System Current or orginally planned
Page 115 and 116:
In assessing this strategy and its
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odds with de Maizière’s plea to
Page 119 and 120:
Second, the development of German h
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efrain from engaging the enemy. In
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most observers applaud this bold co
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do so, the government would need th
Page 127 and 128:
13. For a critique of the “missin
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CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
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INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
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has been equipped with the best mar
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sile 6 (SM-6) for low-altitude defe
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The accord governing South Korean p
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BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FO
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the ministry submitted a request to
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was both premature and dangerous to
Page 145 and 146:
In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
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Although many details still needed
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in production the U.S. and South Ko
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April 7, 2013, available from www.n
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21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
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www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
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51. Hwang Sung-hee, “Korea, U.S.
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essential to Poland’s security, t
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gross domestic product (GDP) on def
Page 164 and 165:
whenever possible, there will be co
Page 166 and 167:
Source: Ministry of National Defenc
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Air and missile defenses (AMD), how
Page 170 and 171:
MSBS 5.56 program to develop a new
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eration among the Nordic, Baltic, a
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and EU membership for Poland’s se
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will rely on the United States to f
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The government seems aware of the r
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5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
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20. If true, the deployment of Iska
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would not face greater budget reduc
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damental transformation of the Fren
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downsizing of the French military a
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The white paper appears to suggest
Page 192 and 193:
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
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able. According to the 2013 white p
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fleet of smaller tactical transport
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during the wars in the Persian Gulf
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and Northern Africa from the Sahel
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state. Essentially freezing the def
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4. Government of France, “LOI n°
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20. “Discours de François Hollan
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38. See French National Assembly Co
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CHAPTER 9 TAIWANESE HARD POWER: BET
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DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
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promulgated the Anti-Secession Law
Page 217 and 218:
The Ma Ying-jeou administration lik
Page 219 and 220:
For example, the MND claims it will
Page 221 and 222:
Even so, the QDR describes a force
Page 223 and 224:
from the United States. The navy re
Page 225 and 226:
Source: The Looming Taiwan Fighter
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striking PLA targets and by bringin
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and considering the pull of the isl
Page 231 and 232:
“All-out defense” includes an e
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Rather than trying to destroy incom
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mainland does not eliminate the nee
Page 237 and 238:
23. “Taiwan to Deploy 3 More PAC-
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41. Once the transition is complete
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In member states, the effects of th
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tion that remains both open and in
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deployed. In France, for instance,
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WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
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obtaining equipment they would othe
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a range of different missions. 33 D
Page 254 and 255:
Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
Page 256 and 257:
there is still considerable discuss
Page 258 and 259:
of joint air-land operations. They
Page 260 and 261:
6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
Page 262 and 263:
18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
Page 264 and 265:
31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
Page 267 and 268:
CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
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sions), its airspace, and its terri
Page 271 and 272:
This is not to suggest that discuss
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and the key hard-power expeditionar
Page 275 and 276:
The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
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Thus, if a smaller force with bette
Page 279 and 280:
In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
Page 283 and 284:
new platforms such as the Apache at
Page 285 and 286:
Defence White Paper continued, “W
Page 287 and 288:
These eight tasks capture the wide-
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no passing craze: it outlasted the
Page 291 and 292:
Strategic ambivalence is a national
Page 293 and 294:
As the basis for national strategy,
Page 295 and 296:
14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
Page 297 and 298:
CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
Page 299 and 300:
such arrangements existed before th
Page 301 and 302:
non-NATO countries and that has an
Page 303 and 304:
An important ongoing program area f
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arrangements typically involve nati
Page 307 and 308:
testing facilities, defense researc
Page 309 and 310:
In addition, nations working togeth
Page 311 and 312:
ilities, in military doctrines, in
Page 313 and 314:
informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
Page 315 and 316:
also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
Page 323:
30. It should be kept in mind that
Page 326 and 327:
Understanding how Japanese policyma
Page 328 and 329:
Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
Page 332 and 333:
JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
Page 336 and 337:
THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
Page 338 and 339:
ticularly important functions and c
Page 340 and 341:
2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
Page 342 and 343:
Japan is also developing its own st
Page 344 and 345:
It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
Page 348 and 349:
In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
Page 350 and 351:
society have intensified competitio
Page 352 and 353:
STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
Page 354 and 355:
nese interests in other parts of th
Page 356 and 357:
WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
Page 362 and 363:
can capabilities necessarily lead o
Page 364 and 365:
NATO has streamlined and concentrat
Page 366 and 367:
still fly older but very capable ai
Page 368 and 369:
Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
Page 370 and 371:
interceptors and sensors, hosting a
Page 372 and 373:
NATO nations continue decreasing de
Page 374 and 375:
The UK and Italy provided remotely
Page 376 and 377:
National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
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in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
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from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
Page 392 and 393:
ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
Page 394:
of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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