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Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Military Expenditure Database, available from www.sipri.org/ research/armaments/milex/milex_database. Figure 9-1. Taiwan’s Defense Spending, 1990-2012. TAIWAN’S SECURITY ENVIRONMENT These trends are surprising when one considers the inhospitable security environment in which Taiwan has found itself in the past 2 decades. In 1995, the PLA conducted a series of missile tests in waters around Taiwan to express its displeasure at former Republic of China (ROC) President Lee Teng-hui’s visit to the United States. China did so again in the lead-up to Taiwan’s 1996 presidential election. In both cases, the United States responded by sending aircraft carriers to the region. In 2005, Washington was seemingly preoccupied with the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and Beijing was facing a Taiwanese president (Chen Shui-bian) who prioritized asserting Taiwan’s status as an independent democratic state. Against this backdrop, Beijing 204
promulgated the Anti-Secession Law “for the purpose of opposing and checking Taiwan’s secession from China by secessionists in the name of ‘Taiwan independence’.” Although the law asserts a preference for pursuing “peaceful unification,” Article 8 stipulates China’s right to use “non-peaceful means and other necessary measures to protect China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.” 10 Kuomintang candidate Ma Ying-jeou’s election as Taiwan’s president in 2008 and his subsequent cross- Strait economic policies helped stabilize relations between Taipei and Beijing. Yet even as Beijing acted with less overt hostility toward Taiwan, it pursued policies that did little to reduce the ROC’s international isolation, continued to increase its military capabilities vis-à-vis Taiwan, and left the island generally less secure. In 2011, two PLA fighter aircraft even entered Taiwanese airspace in an attempt to scare off an American spy plane, a reminder that, to the leaders in Beijing, Taiwan has no sovereign airspace. China’s attempt to wrest control of the disputed Senkaku Islands, which Taiwan also claims, from Japan threatens to turn Taiwan’s northern flank. Beijing’s apparent aim of turning the South China Sea into a Chinese lake likewise threatens Taiwan’s security. Chinese success there would not only have implications for Taipei’s own claims in the sea but would also enhance Beijing’s ability to coerce Taiwan militarily. China’s East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) and its behavior in the South China Sea, moreover, amount to an outright challenge to freedom of navigation through the seas and skies, on which Taiwan depends for its economic vitality. In short, Taiwan’s security environment has deteriorated substantially since the Taiwan Strait crisis of 1995-96. 205
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GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
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STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a
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United States. It no longer retains
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the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
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fort to provide an accurate, well-r
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However, Italy remains one of the w
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Source: Data derived from Internati
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Under new austerity measures, Italy
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and even missiles for its planes. I
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Indeed, at the turn of the century,
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not been reversed, and, as predicte
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force, especially in the cases of I
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On the ground, Italy’s contributi
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But in an area nearly half the size
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eliminated military overhead and th
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the next half-decade. Although new
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how it will involve the country in
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6. The last white paper was publish
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21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
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CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
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the following decade. 2 It outlined
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ument’s strong association with R
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The second prominent theme of the 2
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Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
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• Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
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e until 2016 that all of the submar
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Canberra will remain acutely sensit
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a range of over 200 nautical miles.
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ADF needs to be postured to support
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Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
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Assuming that the base of support f
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defense cuts and predicted revenue
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5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
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Appropriations Specified by Outcome
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48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
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CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
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cially with respect to blue-water o
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permitted relatively rapid degradat
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necessary to equip them, in additio
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Sources: International Institute fo
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sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
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Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
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With a moderately rising defense bu
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fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
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Sources: International Institute fo
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The desire to maintain a balanced f
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Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
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16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
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147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
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CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
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Every German security policy expert
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4 years. In relation to its overall
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crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
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System Current or orginally planned
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In assessing this strategy and its
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odds with de Maizière’s plea to
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Second, the development of German h
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efrain from engaging the enemy. In
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most observers applaud this bold co
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do so, the government would need th
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13. For a critique of the “missin
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CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
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INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
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has been equipped with the best mar
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sile 6 (SM-6) for low-altitude defe
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The accord governing South Korean p
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BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FO
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the ministry submitted a request to
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was both premature and dangerous to
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In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
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Although many details still needed
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in production the U.S. and South Ko
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April 7, 2013, available from www.n
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21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
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www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
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51. Hwang Sung-hee, “Korea, U.S.
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essential to Poland’s security, t
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gross domestic product (GDP) on def
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Page 166 and 167: Source: Ministry of National Defenc
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Page 178 and 179: The government seems aware of the r
Page 180 and 181: 5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
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Page 186 and 187: damental transformation of the Fren
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Page 192 and 193: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
Page 194 and 195: able. According to the 2013 white p
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Page 211 and 212: CHAPTER 9 TAIWANESE HARD POWER: BET
Page 213: DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
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Page 221 and 222: Even so, the QDR describes a force
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Page 246 and 247: deployed. In France, for instance,
Page 248 and 249: WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
Page 250 and 251: obtaining equipment they would othe
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Page 254 and 255: Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
Page 256 and 257: there is still considerable discuss
Page 258 and 259: of joint air-land operations. They
Page 260 and 261: 6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
Page 262 and 263: 18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
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31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
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CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
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sions), its airspace, and its terri
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This is not to suggest that discuss
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and the key hard-power expeditionar
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The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
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Thus, if a smaller force with bette
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In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
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new platforms such as the Apache at
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Defence White Paper continued, “W
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These eight tasks capture the wide-
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no passing craze: it outlasted the
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Strategic ambivalence is a national
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As the basis for national strategy,
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14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
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CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
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such arrangements existed before th
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non-NATO countries and that has an
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An important ongoing program area f
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arrangements typically involve nati
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testing facilities, defense researc
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In addition, nations working togeth
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ilities, in military doctrines, in
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informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
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also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
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30. It should be kept in mind that
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Understanding how Japanese policyma
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Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
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JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
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THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
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ticularly important functions and c
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2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
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Japan is also developing its own st
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It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
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In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
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society have intensified competitio
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STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
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nese interests in other parts of th
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WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
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can capabilities necessarily lead o
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NATO has streamlined and concentrat
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still fly older but very capable ai
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Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
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interceptors and sensors, hosting a
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NATO nations continue decreasing de
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The UK and Italy provided remotely
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National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
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in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
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from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
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ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
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of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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