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Source: Ministry of National Defence, Finance Department, Podstawowe informacje o budzecie resort obrony narodowej na 2013 (Basic Information on the Ministry of National Defense Budget in 2013), Warsaw, Poland, March 2013, available from mon.gov.pl/z/ mon.gov.pl/z/pliki/dokumenty/rozne/2013/09/informator_o_budzecie_ resortu_ON_na_2013_r..pdf. Figure 7-2. Increase in Procurement Expenditures (Missions PLN). To help address this problem, however, in November 2013 Poland signed an agreement to purchase from Germany an additional 105 Leopard 2A5s, plus 14 Leopard 2A4s and 200 support vehicles. 9 Addressing deficiencies in air mobility also remains a priority, as Polish military helicopters are currently a combination of Soviet-era systems and the aging PZL Sokół platform and its derivatives. To do so, the army will be seeking to acquire up to 70 new helicopters. The defense ministry also plans to issue funds for new modular armored vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (including armed drones), self-propelled howitzers, heavy mortars, antitank missiles, and new communication equipment. 156
The Polish navy has five tactical submarines (four German-built, 1960s-era Kobben class and one Sovietlegacy Kilo), two principal surface combatants (Oliver Hazard Perry–class frigates), a corvette (Polish-built ORP Kaszub class), and a number of mine warfare, mine countermeasure, patrol, amphibious, and support ships. The navy’s aviation element includes two naval aviation bases, with equipment deployed in three locations. Two of those locations are home to air groups that include planes and helicopters for transport, antisubmarine, and search-and-rescue operations. The navy’s modernization program includes new patrol boats, minesweepers, coastal-defense vessels, and possibly up to three submarines. 10 Of the three major services, the Polish air force ranks as the most modern among post-communist states of Central Europe, averaging 160–200 flying hours per year (comparable to France’s and exceeding Germany’s). The air force operates three squadrons of F-16C/Ds, two squadrons of MiG-29A/UBs, and two squadrons of fighter/ground-attack Su-22M-4s. The Sukhoi aircraft have been slated for removal from service, and Poland will be looking to purchase additional Western planes or unmanned aerial vehicles. Two air force transport squadrons fly a combination of C-130E, C-295M, and Polish PZL M-28 Bryza aircraft. The air force also operates two squadrons of transport helicopters which, as noted previously, are aging platforms. On balance, the most successful air force program so far has been the addition of F-16 jet fighters to its fleet of aircraft, accelerating the modernization process and increasing NATO interoperability. A visible sign of progress has been the opening of a U.S. training facility in the central Polish town of Łask for rotational exercises of U.S. and NATO aircraft. 157
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GARY J. SCHMITT EDITOR UNITED STATE
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STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Str
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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9. Taiwanese Hard Power: Between a
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United States. It no longer retains
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the main action in Iraq from 2003 t
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fort to provide an accurate, well-r
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However, Italy remains one of the w
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Source: Data derived from Internati
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Under new austerity measures, Italy
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and even missiles for its planes. I
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Indeed, at the turn of the century,
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not been reversed, and, as predicte
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force, especially in the cases of I
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On the ground, Italy’s contributi
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But in an area nearly half the size
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eliminated military overhead and th
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the next half-decade. Although new
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how it will involve the country in
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6. The last white paper was publish
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21. For an overview of Italy’s mi
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CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE IN THE
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the following decade. 2 It outlined
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ument’s strong association with R
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The second prominent theme of the 2
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Source: “The Cost of Defense: ASP
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• Acquiring P-8 Poseidon maritime
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e until 2016 that all of the submar
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Canberra will remain acutely sensit
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a range of over 200 nautical miles.
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ADF needs to be postured to support
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Southeast Asia, and enhanced access
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Assuming that the base of support f
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defense cuts and predicted revenue
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5. WikiLeaks cables subsequently re
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Appropriations Specified by Outcome
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48. Defence White Paper 2013, pp. 4
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CHAPTER 4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
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cially with respect to blue-water o
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permitted relatively rapid degradat
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necessary to equip them, in additio
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Sources: International Institute fo
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sion frigate (FREMM) program. (At o
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Chief of Staff of the Navy Vice Adm
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With a moderately rising defense bu
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fleet size. Insufficient funds in 2
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Sources: International Institute fo
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The desire to maintain a balanced f
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Presse, August 4, 2011, available f
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16. Nicholas Watt, “Next Generati
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147. See also, “Chapter Four: Eur
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CHAPTER 5 GERMAN HARD POWER: IS THE
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Every German security policy expert
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4 years. In relation to its overall
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crisis, starting in 2008, did not h
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System Current or orginally planned
Page 115 and 116: In assessing this strategy and its
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Page 119 and 120: Second, the development of German h
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Page 125 and 126: do so, the government would need th
Page 127 and 128: 13. For a critique of the “missin
Page 129 and 130: CHAPTER 6 SOUTH KOREA: RESPONDING T
Page 131 and 132: INITIATIVES AGAINST THE NORTH KOREA
Page 133 and 134: has been equipped with the best mar
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Page 139 and 140: BUDGETS AND ACQUISITIONS: PAYING FO
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Page 145 and 146: In June 2010, Presidents Lee and Ba
Page 147 and 148: Although many details still needed
Page 149 and 150: in production the U.S. and South Ko
Page 151 and 152: April 7, 2013, available from www.n
Page 153 and 154: 21. Karen Parrish, “Leaving Asia,
Page 155 and 156: www/news/nation/2009/04/113_42785.h
Page 157: 51. Hwang Sung-hee, “Korea, U.S.
Page 160 and 161: essential to Poland’s security, t
Page 162 and 163: gross domestic product (GDP) on def
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Page 168 and 169: Air and missile defenses (AMD), how
Page 170 and 171: MSBS 5.56 program to develop a new
Page 172 and 173: eration among the Nordic, Baltic, a
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Page 178 and 179: The government seems aware of the r
Page 180 and 181: 5. In 2011, Poland’s GDP grew 4.5
Page 182 and 183: 20. If true, the deployment of Iska
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Page 186 and 187: damental transformation of the Fren
Page 188 and 189: downsizing of the French military a
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Page 192 and 193: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FRE
Page 194 and 195: able. According to the 2013 white p
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Page 202 and 203: state. Essentially freezing the def
Page 204 and 205: 4. Government of France, “LOI n°
Page 206 and 207: 20. “Discours de François Hollan
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Page 211 and 212: CHAPTER 9 TAIWANESE HARD POWER: BET
Page 213 and 214: DEFENSE BUDGET TRENDS While Beijing
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The Ma Ying-jeou administration lik
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For example, the MND claims it will
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Even so, the QDR describes a force
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from the United States. The navy re
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Source: The Looming Taiwan Fighter
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striking PLA targets and by bringin
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and considering the pull of the isl
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“All-out defense” includes an e
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Rather than trying to destroy incom
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mainland does not eliminate the nee
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23. “Taiwan to Deploy 3 More PAC-
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41. Once the transition is complete
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In member states, the effects of th
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tion that remains both open and in
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deployed. In France, for instance,
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WHAT EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OPERATIONS
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obtaining equipment they would othe
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a range of different missions. 33 D
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Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency
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there is still considerable discuss
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of joint air-land operations. They
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6. Ben Barry, “The Age of Gloom?
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18. Patrycja Bukalska, “The Polis
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31. Stephen Gilbert, “Improving t
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CHAPTER 11 UNITED KINGDOM HARD POWE
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sions), its airspace, and its terri
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This is not to suggest that discuss
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and the key hard-power expeditionar
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The personnel trend in Figure 11-3
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Thus, if a smaller force with bette
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In 2000, the UK mounted two joint o
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1998: SDR. The July 1998 SDR marked
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new platforms such as the Apache at
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Defence White Paper continued, “W
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These eight tasks capture the wide-
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no passing craze: it outlasted the
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Strategic ambivalence is a national
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As the basis for national strategy,
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14. Strategic Defence Review, Londo
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CHAPTER 12 POOLING AND SHARING: THE
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such arrangements existed before th
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non-NATO countries and that has an
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An important ongoing program area f
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arrangements typically involve nati
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testing facilities, defense researc
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In addition, nations working togeth
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ilities, in military doctrines, in
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informing allies or NATO. Thus, und
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also facilitate industry involvemen
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cessfully managed without underlyin
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ment,” January 24, 2007, availabl
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18. See “Netherlands, Belgium and
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30. It should be kept in mind that
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Understanding how Japanese policyma
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Indeed, Prime Minister Abe can look
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with Japan occurs.” 7 However, in
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JAPAN’S NEIGHBORHOOD GETS ROUGHER
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China has taken actions that can be
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THE DYNAMIC JOINT DEFENSE FORCE Chi
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ticularly important functions and c
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2010, Tokyo announced its plan to i
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Japan is also developing its own st
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It is worth noting that these moder
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to Amami Ōshima, which is near the
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In 2009, the subcommittee of the de
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society have intensified competitio
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STRATEGY—RESOURCE MISMATCH? Beyon
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nese interests in other parts of th
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WILL JAPAN RISE TO THE CHALLENGE? C
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11. Kosuke Takahashi and James Hard
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34. Prime Minister’s Cabinet and
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can capabilities necessarily lead o
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NATO has streamlined and concentrat
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still fly older but very capable ai
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Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base as th
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interceptors and sensors, hosting a
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NATO nations continue decreasing de
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The UK and Italy provided remotely
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National Caveats. Once NATO becomes
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in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR in 2
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Airpower is the most rapid response
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at long ranges and with heavy preci
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in air operations and challenged NA
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 14 1. This chapt
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from www.theguardian.com/world/2014
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41. Joint Air Power Competence Cent
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ANDREW A. MICHTA is the M. W. Buckm
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of Key U.S. Allies and Security Par
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