ANNUAL REPORT

444
increase pressure on Pyongyang. Some areas the resolution reportedly
may target include closing the ‘‘livelihood purposes’’ loophole
and preventing North Korea from sending its workers abroad,
which are some of the largest sources of hard currency for the Kim
regime. 42
North Korea Increases Frequency of Missile Tests
Since the January 2016 nuclear test, North Korea has conducted
at least 19 missile tests involving 40 projectiles (as of October 20,
2016); among these tests, at least 15 have used ballistic missile
technology—the most such tests in a single year in the past decade—and
therefore violated UN resolutions (see Figure 1). 43
Figure 1: North Korea Missile Tests Violating UN Resolutions,
2007–October 2016
Note: Missile tests in this figure are defined as including all launches using ballistic missile
technology in a single day. Tests in 2016 are current as of October 20, 2016.
Source: Ju-min Park and Eric Walsh, ‘‘Another North Korea Missile Test Fails after Launch,
Says U.S. and South,’’ Reuters, October 20, 2016; Associated Press, ‘‘US, S. Korea Say Latest
N. Korea Missile Launch Fails,’’ October 15, 2016; Victor Cha, ‘‘North Korean Provocations &
US-ROK Military Exercises Dataset,’’ CSIS Beyond Parallel Original Datasets, September 2016.
http://beyondparallel.csis.org/database; and Japan’s Ministry of Defense, North Korea’s Missile
Launches in 2016, September 9, 2016. Staff translation. http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/
surround/pdf/dprk_bm_20160909.pdf.
dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with USCC
In February 2016, before UNSCR 2270 was passed, North Korea
launched a satellite—ostensibly for earth observation purposes—
using ballistic missile technology, prompting a UN Security Council
statement that condemned the launch for violating UN resolutions.
44 After North Korea’s submarine-launched ballistic missile
test and failed intermediate-range ballistic missile tests in April
2016, Chinese state-run media accused North Korea of ‘‘sabre-rattling,’’
45 and Beijing—together with its partners on the UN Security
Council—pushed all parties to ‘‘strengthen implementation of
the measures imposed in [UNSCR 2270].’’ 46
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