ANNUAL REPORT

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32 debt, and jeopardizing long-term growth. The harmful effects of the slowdown extend beyond China’s economy: these trends also negatively impact countries along the Asian and global supply chains. Censorship and repression are on the rise in China, with adverse consequences for the Chinese people, foreign companies, and foreign and domestic nongovernmental organizations. Similarly, hopes that China would stick to its path of “peaceful development” and become a global power that upholds and strengthens the rules-based liberal world order have not been met. China’s leaders have taken advantage of the existing international order when convenient and sought to rewrite the rules when it benefits them. This was starkly illustrated this year by an international tribunal’s ruling that many of China’s activities in the South China Sea are unlawful—and by China’s obstinate rejection of the proceedings. On North Korea, although China signed on to the UN Security Council’s strictest sanctions on Pyongyang to date, there are already indications that China does not intend to enforce them in a way that might deter Kim Jong-un from his increasingly dangerous behavior, illustrated by two nuclear tests and a dozen ballistic missile tests in 2016 alone. Closer to home, China has been employing new levers of coercion in Taiwan and Hong Kong in ways that infringe upon longstanding practices and agreements, and which threaten to erode autonomy and democratic values in both places. China’s willingness to reshape the economic, geopolitical, and security order to accommodate its interests are of great concern as China’s global influence grows. This influence has been manifesting most recently with China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative aimed at connecting China with great portions of the rest of the world via a wide range of investments and infrastructure projects. Last year, the Commission tracked the initiative’s impact in Central Asia. This year, as part of our examination of China’s rise and South Asia, we considered its impact on some of the countries in that region. China’s emergence as a major player in South Asia is affecting the geopolitics of the region, and is causing the region’s traditional major power, India, to grow increasingly concerned about the prospect of Chinese encirclement. Meanwhile, China’s military modernization—fueled by a growing defense budget—continues to emphasize capabilities that are designed to challenge the United States and intimidate China’s neighbors. For example, China’s ability to conduct conventional strikes against U.S. regional facilities recently reached an inflection point with the fielding of new ballistic missiles capable of reaching Guam. The Chinese military’s pursuit of force projection and expeditionary capabilities, while enabling it to provide public goods in the form of antipiracy, peacekeeping, and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations, will also strengthen China’s traditional warfighting capabilities against its weaker neighbors, many of whom are U.S. allies or partners. These developments are underpinned by advancements in China’s naval, air force, cyber, and space capabilities. In response to conflicting claims in the East and South China seas, China has increased its military deployments there. Moreover, China’s expanding intelligence collection capabilities, including in the cyber realm, have enabled many infiltrations of U.S. national secu-
33 rity entities. The information China has extracted could strengthen its hand in a conflict with the United States. China’s actions in the economic, foreign policy, and military realms suggest China’s leaders have decided the time has come for China to leave behind its long-held strategy, espoused by Deng Xiaoping, of “hide your strength, bide your time.” China is showing itself to the world now, and the outcome is not what many had hoped for 15 years ago when the country was welcomed into the WTO and the global economic system. Our Report and recommendations reflect the China that is, not the China for which some have hoped.
Page 1: USCC 2016 ANNUAL REPORT
Page 5 and 6: 1 2016 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.
Page 7 and 8: U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
Page 9 and 10: • The safety of food, drug, and o
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS Page TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO
Page 13: IX Page Recommendations ...........
Page 16 and 17: 2 ernment’s “going out” strat
Page 18 and 19: 4 economically and politically stra
Page 20 and 21: 6 wage rates are determined by free
Page 22 and 23: 8 while allowing a greater role for
Page 24 and 25: 10 began construction on its first
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Page 28 and 29: 14 cluding cyber and human intellig
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Page 32 and 33: 18 Pakistan’s economic and securi
Page 34 and 35: 20 Beijing appears to remain skepti
Page 36 and 37: 22 trends in Hong Kong with regard
Page 38 and 39: 24 UNSCR 2270. However, in May and
Page 40 and 41: 26 Korea, designating Dandong Hongx
Page 42 and 43: 28 tional order—both before and a
Page 44 and 45: 30 to examine China’s economic an
Page 49 and 50: Introduction CHAPTER 1 U.S.-CHINA E
Page 51 and 52: 37 Statistics with Chinese Characte
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Page 55 and 56: 41 Early signs suggest President Xi
Page 57 and 58: 43 Figure 4: China’s Total Debt b
Page 59 and 60: 45 reserves to defend the RMB. 75 I
Page 61 and 62: 47 The pace of U.S. export growth t
Page 63 and 64: 49 The United States continued to r
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Page 67 and 68: 53 Table 3: Top Five Business Chall
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Page 71 and 72: 57 ment of Justice’s May 2014 ind
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Page 77 and 78: 63 Chapter 1, Section 2, “State-O
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Page 89 and 90: 75 Conclusions • In 2015, the U.S
Page 91 and 92: 77 Addendum I: WTO Cases Recent and
Page 93 and 94: 79 ENDNOTES FOR SECTION 1 1. Lucy H
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83 119. American Chamber of Commerc
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85 and Espionage Operations, oral t
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87 217. Kane Wu, “Chinese Compani
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89 271. Office of the U.S. Trade Re
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dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with USCC
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93 Lardy, senior fellow at the Pete
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99 pany competitiveness and stimula
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105 Table 2: Select Chinese Overcap
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107 levels. 135 The situation is on
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109 Figure 5: China’s Monthly Cru
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111 Figure 6: U.S. Steel Industry Q
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123 Addendum I: Section 15 of China
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125 Addendum II: AD and CVD Investi
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141 dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with
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143 lifetime cost of bringing the e
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145 gets achieved). 57 Using satell
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147 cost of compliance,’’ and p
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151 boost the efficiency of China
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Table 1: 157 Chinese Attempted and
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Table 1: 159 Chinese Attempted and
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163 Figure 4: China’s Total Debt-
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173 weapons, opens the U.S. militar
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175 ests, and allow for greater vol
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177 Addendum I: Key Targets in Chin
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179 Addendum I: Key Targets in Chin
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195 The ultimate impact of the ruli
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197 Environmental Impact of China
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201 China’s Maritime Disputes in
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203 Reform and Reorganization of th
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207 • PLA Army Headquarters: Chin
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211 Figure 5: Type 072A Tank Landin
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215 Figure 7: JL-2 Missile Range Co
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221 Space-Tracking Facility in Arge
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223 Table 1: Significant PLA Bilate
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227 Nigeria will be the first expor
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231 tional annexes to the 2014 Noti
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233 Select U.S.-China Security-Rela
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257 China’s Core Interests—Cont
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259 guerrillas in Colombia and held
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271 stan. 109 In 2014, the PLA Air
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275 conflict Chinese expeditionary
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279 RECOMMENDATIONS Developments in
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SECTION 3: CHINESE INTELLIGENCE SER
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291 Strategic Support Force In Dece
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293 of advanced intelligence, surve
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295 tives, and sexual entrapment. 4
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297 information to a Chinese intell
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299 such as power transmission grid
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301 for transferring trade secrets
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303 nal U.S. discussions of issues
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305 ENDNOTES FOR SECTION 3 1. U.S.-
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307 29. U.S. Department of Justice,
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309 63. U.S. Department of Justice,
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311 106. Eric Holder, “Attorney G
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314 sure its own ambitions in South
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316 Chinese foreign direct investme
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318 • Pakistan: In 2015, China an
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320 India “Acts East” and Puts
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322 Counter Terrorism and Religious
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324 tivities of the Dalai Lama and
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326 incursions across the border fr
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328 conducive to sea lane protectio
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330 Karachi Port, that could eventu
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332 India and OBOR India has not en
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334 China’s Arms Sales to Pakista
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336 For China, the goals of CPEC ar
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338 according to Mr. Small, “The
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340 side the Treaty on the Non-Prol
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342 Facets of U.S.-India Defense Re
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344 of China, but has advocated for
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346 • Recent U.S.-China tensions
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348 24. Debasish Roy Chowdhury, “
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350 71. Jeff Smith, Cold Peace: Chi
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352 127. U.S.-China Economic and Se
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354 2016, 86; Andrew Small, The Chi
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358 Taiwan’s Economic Challenges
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364 agreements. 57 Since then, many
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366 $67.2 billion, comprising 25.4
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368 Foreign Direct Investment China
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370 is leading the initiative, have
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374 Taiwan and the 11-Dash Line The
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384 trade-based partner to an innov
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390 • China’s military moderniz
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410 Hong Kong’s Political Gossip
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414 moving up one place compared to
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418 Chinese Censorship of Prize-Win
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420 Hong Kong and the ‘‘Panama
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424 Table 1: Select PLA Hong Kong G
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428 sitive periods in Hong Kong, le
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436 150. Commission meeting with Ta
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442 Korea. The resolution also bans
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444 increase pressure on Pyongyang.
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446 pand China-South Korea ties. 54
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448 Technical Details of THAAD The
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456 Korea runs perpetual merchandis
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460 pressure is more likely to brin
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462 ty for sanctions violations, co
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479 sailors would be stationed in J
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485 Table 1: U.S. Goods Trade with
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489 basis for President Obama’s c
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APPENDIX II BACKGROUND OF COMMISSIO
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APPENDIX III PUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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537 June 9, 2016: Public Hearing on
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APPENDIX IIIA LIST OF WITNESSES TES
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541 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
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APPENDIX IV LIST OF RESEARCH MATERI
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547 China’s Military Agreements w
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APPENDIX V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIO
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551 OPM PBOC PLA PMI PPI PPP PRC QD
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553 2016 COMMISSION STAFF MICHAEL R
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