ANNUAL REPORT

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ENDNOTES FOR SECTION 4
1. Somini Sengupta and Choe Sang-hun, ‘‘UN Toughens Sanctions on North
Korea in Response to Its Nuclear Program,’’ New York Times, March 2, 2016.
2. Bloomberg, ‘‘China to Assess Using Trade to Hurt South Korea over
THAAD,’’ August 12, 2016; Michelle Nichols, ‘‘U.S. Censure of North Korea Missile
Thwarted,’’ Reuters, August 9, 2016; and Amy Qin and Choe Sang-hun, ‘‘South Korean
Missile Defense Deal Appears to Sour China’s Taste for K-Pop,’’ New York
Times, August 7, 2016.
3. Jin Jingyi, ‘‘China’s Anti-Japanese War and the Independence Movement on
the Korean Peninsula,’’ in Carla Freeman, ed., China and North Korea: Strategic
and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 109–
118; Jonathan D. Pollack, No Exit: North Korea, Nuclear Weapons and International
Security, Routledge, May 2011, 26–34; and Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and
Mutual Assistance between the People’s Republic of China and the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea, July 11, 1961.
4. South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), ‘‘China Unlikely to Come to North
Korea’s Defence if Tensions Escalate over Nuclear Weapons Tests, Say Chinese Experts,’’
April 17, 2016; Zhu Feng and Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, ‘‘North Korea’s
Security Implications for China,’’ in Carla Freeman, ed., China and North Korea:
Strategic and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China, Palgrave Macmillan,
2015, 46; and Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance between
the People’s Republic of China and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, July
11, 1961.
5. Yu Tieyun, ‘‘The Significance of the Korean Peninsula in Xi Jinping’s Global
Strategy,’’ in Chinese Perspectives toward the Korean Peninsula: In the Aftermath of
North Korea’s Fourth Nuclear Test, Stimson Center, June 2016, 18–20.
6. Shi Yinhong, ‘‘Painful Lessons, Reversing Practices, and Ongoing Limitations:
China Facing North Korea Since 2003’’ in Carla Freeman, ed., China and
North Korea: Strategic and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China, Palgrave
Macmillan, 2015, 27–28.
7. U.S. expert on the North Korean economy, meeting with Commission, May
26, 2016; Congressional Research Service, Foreign Assistance to North Korea, April
2, 2014, 11.
8. U.S. expert on the North Korean economy, meeting with Commission, May
26, 2016.
9. Agence France-Presse, ‘‘UN Condemnation of North Korean Missile Reaching
Japanese Waters Curtailed by China,’’ August 3, 2016; Reuters, ‘‘China Says Opposes
Unilateral Sanctions on North Korea,’’ March 17, 2016; Brian Padden, ‘‘Russia,
China Object to UN North Korea Human Rights Meeting,’’ Voice of America,
December 8, 2015; and U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2014
Annual Report to Congress, November 2014, 447.
10. Asan Institute for Policy Studies and C4ADS, ‘‘In China’s Shadow: Exposing
North Korean Overseas Networks,’’ August 2016, 34–36; UN Security Council, Report
of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1874 (2009), February
24, 2016, 29–30, 32–37, 39–40; and Julian Ryall, ‘‘Chinese Firms Breaking
UN Embargo on North Korea,’’ Telegraph (UK), June 8, 2012.
11. Jamil Anderlini, ‘‘North Korea Makes Public its Paranoia over China,’’ Financial
Times, May 18, 2016; John Power, ‘‘Is North Korea Fed Up with China?’’
Diplomat (Japan), April 1, 2016; and Adam Cathcart, ‘‘Keeping China in Check:
How North Korea Manages its Relationship with a Superpower,’’ China Policy Institute
(University of Nottingham), July 28, 2014.
12. John Power, ‘‘Is North Korea Fed up with China?’’ Diplomat (Japan), April
1, 2016; Kerry Brown, ‘‘What China and North Korea Really Think of Each Other,’’
Diplomat (Japan), February 23, 2015; and U.S.-China Economic and Security Review
Commission, Hearing on Recent Developments in China’s Relations with Taiwan
and North Korea, written testimony of Sue Mi Terry, June 5, 2014.
13. John Power, ‘‘Is North Korea Fed up with China?’’ Diplomat (Japan), April
1, 2016; Jonathan D. Pollack, No Exit: North Korea, Nuclear Weapons and International
Security, Routledge, May 2011, 201–202.
14. Elizabeth Shim, ‘‘China, North Korea Exchange War of Words through
Media,’’ United Press International, April 8, 2016; Yu Shaohua, ‘‘Chinese Views of
North Korea’s Regional Role,’’ in Carla Freeman, ed., China and North Korea: Strategic
and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015,
81–82.
15. Shi Yinhong, ‘‘Painful Lessons, Reversing Practices, and Ongoing Limitations:
China Facing North Korea Since 2003’’ in Carla Freeman, ed., China and
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