ANNUAL REPORT

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dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with USCC 472 155. U.S. expert on the North Korean economy, meeting with Commission, May 26, 2016. 156. China General Administration of Customs via CEIC database; Jane Perlez and Yufan Huang, ‘‘A Hole in North Korean Sanctions Big Enough for Coal, Oil and Used Pianos,’’ New York Times, March 31, 2016; and Yi Whan-woo, ‘‘Mercedes, Audis Easily Seen on Pyongyang Streets,’’ Korea Times (South Korea), January 24, 2016. 157. Jane Perlez and Yufan Huang, ‘‘A Hole in North Korean Sanctions Big Enough for Coal, Oil and Used Pianos,’’ New York Times, March 31, 2016; Yukihiro Hotta, ‘‘China’s Aid to North Korea Centered on the China-North Korea Oil Pipeline,’’ Japan Institute of International Affairs, November 2013, 9, 12–13. 158. Yukihiro Hotta, ‘‘China’s Aid to North Korea Centered on the China-North Korea Oil Pipeline,’’ Japan Institute of International Affairs, November 2013, 10– 12. 159. Yonhap News Agency (South Korea), ‘‘China Sold No Crude Oil to N. Korea in 2014,’’ January 29, 2015; Julia Joo-A Lee, ‘‘To Fuel or Not to Fuel: China’s Energy Assistance to North Korea,’’ Asian Security 5:1 (2009), 52–54. 160. U.S. expert on China-North Korean relations, meeting with Commission, May 26, 2016. 161. Zhu Feng and Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, ‘‘North Korea’s Security Implications for China,’’ in Carla Freeman, ed., China and North Korea: Strategic and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 50–51; International Crisis Group, ‘‘Fire on the City Gate: Why China Keeps North Korea Close,’’ December 9, 2013, 22; and Drew Thompson and Carla Freeman, ‘‘Flood across the Border: China’s Disaster Relief Operations and Potential Response to a North Korean Refugee Crisis,’’ U.S.-Korea Institute, April 1, 2009, 4–6. 162. International Crisis Group, ‘‘Fire on the City Gate: Why China Keeps North Korea Close,’’ December 9, 2013, 22; Scott Snyder and Joel Wit, ‘‘Chinese Views: Breaking the Stalemate on the Korean Peninsula,’’ United States Institute for Peace, February 2007. 163. Jane Perlez, ‘‘Few Expect China to Punish North Korea for Latest Nuclear Test,’’ New York Times, September 11, 2016; Wang Junsheng, ‘‘The DPRK’s Fourth Nuclear Test and the Situation on the Korean Peninsula’’ in Chinese Perspectives toward the Korean Peninsula: In the Aftermath of North Korea’s Fourth Nuclear Test, Stimson Center, June 2016, 48–49, 51–52. 164. Wu Riqiang, ‘‘South Korea’s THAAD: Impact on China’s Nuclear Deterrent,’’ RSIS Commentary (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technical University in Singapore), July 27, 2016; Sungtae ‘‘Jacky’’ Park, ‘‘PacNet #32: How China Sees THAAD,’’ Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 30, 2016. 165. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on September 13, 2016, September 13, 2016; Li Dunqiu, ‘‘Cracking the Crux of the North Korea Nuclear Issue Needs to Jump out of Cold War Mentality,’’ China Youth Daily, September 10, 2016. Staff translation. http://opinion.huanqiu.com/opinion_world/2016-09/9430631.html; Global Times (China), ‘‘North Korea Suspected of Carrying Out Fifth Nuclear Test, Expert: They are Acting Willfully without Regard,’’ September 9, 2016. Staff translation. http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2016-09/9422378.html; and Xinhua, ‘‘Commentary: S. Korea-U.S. Drills Jeopardize Stability in Northeast Asia,’’ August 22, 2016. 166. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on September 12, 2016, September 12, 2016. 167. Paul Sonne, ‘‘Ash Carter Says China Shares Responsibility for North Korea Nuclear Test,’’ Wall Street Journal, September 9, 2016; Josh Cohen, ‘‘Commentary: Trump, Clinton Play the ‘China Card’ against North Korea,’’ Reuters, June 9, 2016; Joseph A. Bosco, ‘‘China’s Complicity in North Korea’s Nuclear Program: Henry Kissinger for the Defense,’’ Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs: 15 (Fall 2015): 136– 146; U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on Recent Developments in China’s Relations with Taiwan and North Korea, written testimony of Joseph R. DeTrani, May 5, 2014; and Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Hearing on U.S. Policy Toward North Korea, written testimony of Kurt M. Campbell, March 1, 2011. 168. Andrei Lankov, ‘‘Why South Koreans Shouldn’t Be Surprised by THAAD-Crisis with China,’’ NK News, August 8, 2016. 169. Elizabeth Shim, ‘‘U.S., Japan, South Korea to Share Intelligence on North Korea Missiles,’’ United Press International, September 8, 2016. 170. White House, Statement by the President on North Korea’s Nuclear Test, September 9, 2016. VerDate Sep 11 2014 14:49 Nov 01, 2016 Jkt 020587 PO 00000 Frm 00117 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 G:\GSDD\USCC\2016\FINAL\09_C3_M.XXX 09_C3_M
473 171. Asahi Shimbun (Japan), ‘‘Japan Ponders Boosting Missile Defense to Counter N. Korea,’’ September 23, 2016. 172. U.S. expert on China-North Korea relations, meeting with Commission, May 26, 2016. 173. Yonhap News Agency (South Korea), ‘‘S. Korea, China Share Need for Stronger UNSC Resolution against N.K.,’’ September 23, 2016; Zhang Zhengfu and Chen Erhou, ‘‘Premier Li Keqiang Meets with U.S. President Barack Obama,’’ Xinhua, September 20, 2016. Staff translation. http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/ 2016-09/20/c_1119590639.htm. dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with USCC VerDate Sep 11 2014 14:49 Nov 01, 2016 Jkt 020587 PO 00000 Frm 00118 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 G:\GSDD\USCC\2016\FINAL\09_C3_M.XXX 09_C3_M
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USCC 2016 ANNUAL REPORT
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1 2016 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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• The safety of food, drug, and o
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CONTENTS Page TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO
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IX Page Recommendations ...........
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2 ernment’s “going out” strat
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4 economically and politically stra
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6 wage rates are determined by free
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8 while allowing a greater role for
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10 began construction on its first
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12 from—the People’s Republic o
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14 cluding cyber and human intellig
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16 exporter of manufactured goods,
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18 Pakistan’s economic and securi
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20 Beijing appears to remain skepti
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22 trends in Hong Kong with regard
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24 UNSCR 2270. However, in May and
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26 Korea, designating Dandong Hongx
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28 tional order—both before and a
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30 to examine China’s economic an
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32 debt, and jeopardizing long-term
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Introduction CHAPTER 1 U.S.-CHINA E
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37 Statistics with Chinese Characte
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39 up from 52.3 percent in the seco
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41 Early signs suggest President Xi
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43 Figure 4: China’s Total Debt b
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45 reserves to defend the RMB. 75 I
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47 The pace of U.S. export growth t
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49 The United States continued to r
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51 commitments, China has only take
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53 Table 3: Top Five Business Chall
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55 U.S. Tech Firms and Their Chines
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57 ment of Justice’s May 2014 ind
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59 Internet Censorship As a result
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61 on the future of U.S.-China rela
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63 Chapter 1, Section 2, “State-O
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65 Table 5: Failed Chinese Bids for
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67 • Accelerating Bilateral Inves
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69 cess capacity, which will share
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71 United States Challenges Chinese
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73 rulings of the DSB [Dispute Sett
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75 Conclusions • In 2015, the U.S
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77 Addendum I: WTO Cases Recent and
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79 ENDNOTES FOR SECTION 1 1. Lucy H
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81 55. Gabriel Wildau and Don Weinl
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83 119. American Chamber of Commerc
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85 and Espionage Operations, oral t
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87 217. Kane Wu, “Chinese Compani
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89 271. Office of the U.S. Trade Re
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93 Lardy, senior fellow at the Pete
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99 pany competitiveness and stimula
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105 Table 2: Select Chinese Overcap
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107 levels. 135 The situation is on
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109 Figure 5: China’s Monthly Cru
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111 Figure 6: U.S. Steel Industry Q
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123 Addendum I: Section 15 of China
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125 Addendum II: AD and CVD Investi
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141 dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with
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143 lifetime cost of bringing the e
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145 gets achieved). 57 Using satell
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147 cost of compliance,’’ and p
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151 boost the efficiency of China
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Table 1: 157 Chinese Attempted and
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Table 1: 159 Chinese Attempted and
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163 Figure 4: China’s Total Debt-
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173 weapons, opens the U.S. militar
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175 ests, and allow for greater vol
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177 Addendum I: Key Targets in Chin
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179 Addendum I: Key Targets in Chin
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195 The ultimate impact of the ruli
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197 Environmental Impact of China
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201 China’s Maritime Disputes in
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203 Reform and Reorganization of th
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207 • PLA Army Headquarters: Chin
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211 Figure 5: Type 072A Tank Landin
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215 Figure 7: JL-2 Missile Range Co
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221 Space-Tracking Facility in Arge
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223 Table 1: Significant PLA Bilate
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227 Nigeria will be the first expor
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231 tional annexes to the 2014 Noti
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233 Select U.S.-China Security-Rela
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257 China’s Core Interests—Cont
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259 guerrillas in Colombia and held
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271 stan. 109 In 2014, the PLA Air
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275 conflict Chinese expeditionary
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279 RECOMMENDATIONS Developments in
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SECTION 3: CHINESE INTELLIGENCE SER
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291 Strategic Support Force In Dece
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293 of advanced intelligence, surve
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295 tives, and sexual entrapment. 4
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297 information to a Chinese intell
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299 such as power transmission grid
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301 for transferring trade secrets
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303 nal U.S. discussions of issues
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305 ENDNOTES FOR SECTION 3 1. U.S.-
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307 29. U.S. Department of Justice,
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309 63. U.S. Department of Justice,
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311 106. Eric Holder, “Attorney G
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314 sure its own ambitions in South
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316 Chinese foreign direct investme
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318 • Pakistan: In 2015, China an
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320 India “Acts East” and Puts
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322 Counter Terrorism and Religious
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324 tivities of the Dalai Lama and
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326 incursions across the border fr
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328 conducive to sea lane protectio
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330 Karachi Port, that could eventu
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332 India and OBOR India has not en
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334 China’s Arms Sales to Pakista
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336 For China, the goals of CPEC ar
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338 according to Mr. Small, “The
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340 side the Treaty on the Non-Prol
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342 Facets of U.S.-India Defense Re
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344 of China, but has advocated for
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346 • Recent U.S.-China tensions
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348 24. Debasish Roy Chowdhury, “
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350 71. Jeff Smith, Cold Peace: Chi
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352 127. U.S.-China Economic and Se
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354 2016, 86; Andrew Small, The Chi
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358 Taiwan’s Economic Challenges
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364 agreements. 57 Since then, many
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366 $67.2 billion, comprising 25.4
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368 Foreign Direct Investment China
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370 is leading the initiative, have
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374 Taiwan and the 11-Dash Line The
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384 trade-based partner to an innov
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390 • China’s military moderniz
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410 Hong Kong’s Political Gossip
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414 moving up one place compared to
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418 Chinese Censorship of Prize-Win
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420 Hong Kong and the ‘‘Panama
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APPENDIX II BACKGROUND OF COMMISSIO
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APPENDIX III PUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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537 June 9, 2016: Public Hearing on
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APPENDIX IIIA LIST OF WITNESSES TES
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541 Alphabetical Listing of Panelis
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APPENDIX IV LIST OF RESEARCH MATERI
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547 China’s Military Agreements w
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APPENDIX V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIO
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551 OPM PBOC PLA PMI PPI PPP PRC QD
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553 2016 COMMISSION STAFF MICHAEL R
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