XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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Digestive Physiology of Pigs 3000 Invited review: Long-term effects of pre and early postnatal nutrition and environment on the gut. J. P. Lallès,* INRA, INRA, UR1341 ADNC, F-35590 Saint- Gilles, France. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOhAD) hypothesis formulated in the early eighties has stimulated research on long-term effects of early nutrition and environment over the last decades. Long-term is understood in this review as physiologically relevant periods such as after weaning, around sexual maturity and in adulthood, as opposed to early developmental periods. The small and large intestines as targets for long-term issues have received little attention until recent years while the stomach has been considered very rarely. Data have accumulated in laboratory animal models but they are still scarce in the swine species. Following the epidemics of metabolic diseases and obesity in Westernised countries, experimental evidence has been published showing that nutritional factors, including energy, fat and fatty acids, protein and micronutrients do impact various facets of gut function. These include alterations in intestinal digestive, absorptive, secretory, barrier and defense systems, often in a way potentially detrimental to the host. Environmental factors with long-term influence include stress (e.g., maternal deprivation; neonatal gut irritation), chemical pollutants (e.g., bisphenol A) and gut microbiota disturbances (e.g., by antibiotics). Examples of such longterm effects on the gut will be provided in both laboratory animals and pigs, together with underlying physiological mechanisms whenever available. Experimental evidence for the involvement of underlying epigenetic modifications (e.g., genomic DNA methylation) in long-term studies has just started to emerge with regard to the gastrointestinal tract. Also, interactions between the microbiota and the host are being considered has potential players in the early programming of gut functions. Finally suggestions for future research, especially in the swine species will be provided to better understand, and then control, early programming as an attempt to optimize vital functions of the gastrointestinal tract throughout adult life. Key words: nutrition, gut, long term 3001 Long-term impact of piglet weaning age on intestinal epithelial barrier function and stress responsiveness. A. J. Moeser,* E. L. Overman, S. M. D’Costa, and J. Xu, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA. There is increasing evidence that the development and long-term function of the gastrointestinal system can be profoundly influenced by stressful experiences occurring in early life. Previous studies indicate that early weaning (weaning < 21 d of age) induces intestinal damage that is mediated by activation of intestinal stress signaling pathways (Moeser et al., 2006, 2007; Smith et al., 2010); however, the long-term effects of early weaning stress on intestinal function and stress responsiveness are unknown. In these studies, we investigated the impact of early weaning on intestinal epithelial barrier function and intestinal responsiveness to subsequent production stress. XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 116 Session V Yorkshire-Hampshire-Large White-cross piglets were weaned either at 18 d of age (early weaned) or 28 d of age (late weaned) and housed under normal production conditions. At 12 weeks post-weaning, a subset of pigs (n = 6) within each weaning age group were subjected to 3 h of mixing/commingling stress. Following the stress period, colon was harvested for assessment of intestinal epithelial barrier function by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and mucosal-to-serosal flux of FITC dextran (4 kDa) in colonic tissues mounted on Ussing chambers. In addition, histological analysis of intestinal tissues were performed. Under baseline conditions (no mixing stress) colon from early weaned pigs exhibited impaired intestinal barrier function demonstrated by lower TER and greater FD4 flux rates compared with colon from late weaned pigs (P < 0.05). Histological analysis revealed increased inflammatory cells (mast cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) in early weaned colonic tissues compared with late weaned pigs. Compared with unstressed controls, mixing stress in early weaned pigs caused reductions in colonic TER (P < 0.05) and elevations in FD4 flux rates (P < 0.01) whereas no changes were observed in late-weaned pigs subjected to the same stress. These data indicate that early life stress, such as early weaning, can have a long-lasting impact on intestinal barrier function and stressresponsiveness in the pig. Key words: intestinal barrier function, stress, early life 3002 Butyrate supplementation to gestating sows and piglets induces muscle and adipose tissue oxidative genes and improves growth performance. H. Lu and K. Ajuwon,* Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. The immediate post-weaning period often leads to postweaning growth check in growing pigs due to changes in the diet, mixture of pigs from different litters, stress of moving and greater exposure to pathogen load. To alleviate this early growth and disease challenge, antibiotics have been used for decades to improve piglet survivability and performance. Antibiotics are now highly discouraged in pig diets due to increased risk of developing highly resistant pathogenic strains from continuous antibiotic use. We tested the effect of prenatal and postnatal butyrate supplementation on growth performance of piglets. In the first study, piglets were supplemented with 0.3% butyrate in a liquid feeding system from 4 d after birth to weaning (d21). Butyrate led to increased average daily gain of the supplemented piglets by 13% compared with saline treated control pigs. Gene expression analysis reveals significant induction of PGC-1α in muscle, adipose tissue and ileum. PPARα was also significantly induced in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle (longissimus dorsi) of butyrate supplemented piglets. In vitro, butyrate increased (P < 0.05) fatty acid oxidation in primary adipocytes and suppressed basal lipolysis by 62% compared with untreated cells. Butyrate significantly suppressed lipogenesis ( 14 C-glucose incorporation into lipids) in adipocytes. This was accompanied by an approximately 30% reduction in the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase (P < 0.05) in butyrate treated cells vs. controls. Additionally, piglets born to sows that were supplemented with 0.3% butyrate
Digestive Physiology of Pigs during the last trimester of gestation had a 15% higher body weight at 12 weeks than controls. In summary, butyrate supplementation to gestating sows and piglets enhanced postweaning growth performance which may be mediated by increased substrate oxidation in butyrate treated animals Key words: butyrate, sows, piglets 3003 effects of early management on the long-term development of intestinal immunity in growing pigs. M. A. Smits* 1,2 , D. Schokker 1 , and A. J. M. Rebel 2 , 1 Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands, 2 Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands. Variations in early gut microbial colonization has been implicated in mucosal and systemic immune development. Early microbial colonization of the intestine in piglets may be influenced by conditions and management in the farrowing house. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the management on the long-term development of intestinal immunity in growing pigs. Three management system were compared that only differed from each other in the use of antibiotics and stress factor at d 4 after birth. The used antibiotic is commonly applied in practice to prevent and/or reduce infections of the respiratory tract. The stress factors included the commonly applied practices of weighing, ear-tagging, and tail docking in pig husbandry. To investigate the effects on intestinal immunity, we performed genome-wide gene expression analyses at 2 different intestinal locations, jejunum and ileum, and at 3 different time points (8, 40, and 180 d) after birth. Differentially expressed genes were identified by pair-wise comparisons between treatment groups and tissues per time point. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes was used to identify intestinal processes that differed between the experimental groups. Luminal contents of the intestines were stored for analysis of microbiota composition. The results indicate that the antibiotic treatment and the applied stress factors at d 4 after birth greatly affect the expression of immune related genes in jejunum and ileum later in life. This suggest that both treatments have an effect on the development and/or activity of immune related processes in the gut of growing pigs. We hypothesize that these differences may be related to management-mediated variations in the early colonization of the gut by microbiota. Key words: early management, gene expression, immune development 3004 The perinatal development of the gut is delayed in intrauterine growth retarded piglets. M. Mickiewicz 1,2 , R. Zabielski* 2 , B. Grenier 3 , L. Le Normand 2 , G. Savary 2 , J. J. Holst 4 , I. P. Oswald 3 , C. C. Metges 5 , and P. Guilloteau 2 , 1 UR 1341, Alimentation Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Saint Gilles, France, 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, 3 INRA URPT, UnitÃ© de Recherche Pharmacologie-Toxicologie Toulouse 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille 31931, St-Martin-du-Touch, France, 4 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 117 Session V Denmark, 5 Research Unit Nutritional Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany. Protein level in maternal diet plays crucial role in fetal programing during pregnancy. Low or high protein level increases risk of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Pigs with IUGR are weaker, smaller, and suffer from digestive disorders. This study was conducted to investigate small intestine (SI) development and function in piglets from sows fed control (C, 12.1%) high (HP, 30%) or low (LP, 6.5%) protein diet during pregnancy. Newborns were allocated in two groups: IUGR (birth weight < 1.18 kg) and non-IUGR (birth weight > 1.18 kg). Animals were slaughtered at postnatal day (PD) 1 and 28. LP-diet in non-IUGR decreased body weight at PD1, LP and HP-diet decreased (P
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XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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