XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

Digestive
Physiology
of Pigs
abundance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA),
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and β-catenin.
The data from real-time PCR were analyzed with a ΔΔCt
method and normalized to the amount of GAPDH cDNA as
an endogenous control. The results showed that compared
with the control group, Glu increased concentration of blood
glucose and glucagon (P < 0.05) and reduced plasma insulin
(P < 0.05) in weaned piglets. Both of Glu or combination of
Glu and NCG decreased serum urea nitrogen and ammonia
concentration (P < 0.05), and Glu+NCG increased average
intestine weight significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the
control group, adding Glu to the diet resulted in a higher
villus height (P < 0.05) in both of duodenum and jejunum.
However, there was no difference in crypt depth at the 2
different locations, and the villus height/crypt depth ratio
was unaltered (P > 0.05). The RT-PCR results showed
that combination of Glu and NCG significantly increased
PCNA mRNA abundance in both jejunum and ileum (P <
0.05), while they also significantly increased β-catenin and
decreased VEGF mRNA abundance in ileum (P < 0.05).
There were no differences in these genes expression
between the Glu and Glu+NCG groups (P > 0.05). Only
Glu increased PCNA mRNA abundance in jejunum (P <
0.05) and Glu+NCG decreased VEGF mRNA in jejunum
(P < 0.05). These results indicated that oral supply of Glu
improved intestinal mucosa morphology, and combined
Glu and NCG had more favorable effects on intestinal
epithelium cell proliferation than glutamate alone.
Key words: amino acids, nutrition, digestion
3046 Dietary CLA modify gene expression in liver,
muscles and fat tissues of fattening pigs. N. Tous 1 , P. K.
Theil* 2 , C. Lauridsen 2 , R. Lizardo 1 , B. Vilá 1 , and E. Esteve-
Garcia 1 , 1 IRTA, Monogastric Nutrition, 43120 Constantí,
Tarragona, Spain, 2 Aarhus University, Department of Animal
Science, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may be included in pig diets
as a functional ingredient to reduce fat deposition and
concomitantly increase intramuscular fat (IMF) retention.
Yet, several studies with pigs have presented contradictory
results, and the role of CLA in the organism seems to
be quite complex. In a previous study a reduction of fat
deposition without modification of IMF was observed. The
aim of this study was to investigate underlying mechanisms
of dietary CLA on lipid metabolism in various tissues.
Sixteen gilts (73 ± 3 kg) were fed a control (without CLA)
or an experimental diet (4% of sunflower oil in control diet
replaced by CLA) and pigs were slaughtered at a live weight
of 115 ± 5 kg. Analysis of fatty acid (FA) composition in IMF
of longissimus thoracis (LT) and semimembranosus (SM)
muscles, LT subcutaneous fat and liver were conducted
using gas chromatography. Expression of peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), fatty acid
synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein
(SREBP1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein
lipase (LPL), delta-6-desaturase (D6D), and stearoyl
CoA desaturase (SCD) were evaluated by real-time PCR
in all tissues. While little impact was observed on animal
fat deposition, CLA increased liver weight (P < 0.05) and
XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS
137
Session VII
modified (P < 0.05) FA profile in all the tissues analyzed,
i.e., increased the saturated fatty acids (SFA), and reduced
the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in LT and LT
subcutaneous fat, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
in LT subcutaneous fat, liver and SM. The PPARα was
reduced in all the tissues studied (P < 0.05) except in
intermuscular fat. The PPARγ was increased in LT muscle
(P < 0.05). Gene expression related to FA synthesis was
reduced in SM muscle and liver (ACC [P < 0.01] in SM;
FAS [P < 0.01] in liver and SREBP in both tissues [P <
0.1]). Expression of LPL and D6D were reduced in SM
muscle (P < 0.05) and SCD was increased in LT muscle
and intermuscular fat but reduced in liver (P < 0.05). It was
concluded that dietary CLA affected nutrient metabolism in
a tissue specific manner.
Key words: fatty acid, oxidation, uptake
3047 Does the dry matter content of the diet (fed dry
or liquid) affects the intragastric milieu of pigs fed diets
differing in grinding intensity and diets’ physical form?
A. Moesseler,* M. Wintermann, S. Sander, and J. Kamphues,
Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary
Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Germany, Hannover,
Germany.
Physical form of diets has an impact on development of
gastric ulcers in pigs. An earlier study showed effects of
fine grinding and pelleting on local intragastric milieu. Finely
ground diets caused a more liquid gastric content and there
was no physiological pH gradient in the stomach. This
follow up study was conducted to prove effects of dry or
liquid feeding on intragastric milieu (dry matter [DM], pH
and buffering capacity [BC]) in pigs. Eighteen piglets were
individually housed and fed for 6 wk with test diets and
water ad lib. Both experimental diets used (coarsely ground
diet fed as mash [CM] vs. finely ground pelleted diet [FP])
were identical in botanical (39.5% wheat, 34% barley, 20%
SES) and chemical composition and were either offered dry
or liquid (25% dry matter). At the end of the trial the animals
were killed; stomach was withdrawn in toto and samples
were taken from different localizations to determine
intragastric milieu. There was no effect of feeding diets dry
or liquid on pH (≥0.05). The diet noticeably affected the
stomach content. The FP resulted in a more liquid chyme
((P ≤ 0.05) and intragastric pH did not differ between
regions. Feeding CM caused marked effects of localization
regarding pH (highest values: pars nonglandularis, lowest
values: fundus). None of the pigs fed CM diet had gastric
ulcers while score was sign. higher in pigs fed FP diet (P
≤ 0.05), but with no effect of feeding the diet dry or liquid.
The BC at pars nonglandularis was lower (P ≤ 0.05) in
gastric content of pigs fed FP. Performance parameters
(weight gains and feed conversion rate) were not affected
by grinding intensity of the diet (but higher daily weight
gain in pigs fed liquid diets). Findings from earlier studies
(homogenous pH values after feeding FP) were confirmed
and there was no effect of the DM content of the diet on
intragastric milieu. Predominant factor for milieu within the
stomach content seems to be the structure (particle size) of
the diet. Interestingly DM content of gastric ingesta was not
affected by moisture of the diet.