XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

Digestive
Physiology
of Pigs
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy may affect fetal
development, neonatal growth and later life metabolic health
in offspring. However, the relevance and role of macronutrient
intake at constant energy intake has received little attention
and the mechanism by which the maternal dietary fatty acid
profile may influence the metabolic health of the offspring
is still poorly understood. This study aims to determine the
influence of the quality and quantity of maternal fatty acid
consumption during pregnancy and clarify the potential role
of alterations in early liver and muscular development. Two
groups of sows were fed either a starch-rich control diet (C,
n = 7) or an isocaloric, palmoil based high fat diet (HF, n
= 7) during gestation. Histological and metabolic features
of the liver and the biceps femoris muscle obtained from
7-d-old piglets were assessed. Basal plasma glucose
levels of sows were not affected by gestation diet, but
one week pre term the HF sows showed a lower glucose
tolerance than C sows. Maternal diet did not influence liver
glycogen or triglyceride content, nor glucocorticoid receptor
(GR), 11β-HSD1, PPARα and insulin receptor mRNA
expression in offspring. Liver FAB1 mRNA expression was
reduced in offspring of HF sows. Furthermore, HF offspring
demonstrated enhanced muscular development, reflected
by an increase in fractional growth rate, rise in myofiber
cross-sectional area, increased storage of glycogen and
reduction in lipid staining of myofibers. Although both
groups had similar intramuscular protein and triglyceride
concentrations, the fatty acid composition of muscular
phospholipids was affected by maternal diet. The HF
group had increased ratios of C20:3n6 to C20:4n6 and
total n-6 to n-3 in conjunction with upregulation of genes
associated with free fatty acid uptake and biogenesis. In
conclusion, the increased fat in the maternal diet did not
affect liver glucocorticoid metabolism but may accelerate
the maturation of offspring biceps femoris muscle, reflected
in increased glycolytic metabolism. Potential metabolic
effects in later life now need to be established.
Key words: sows, maternal diet, programming
3022 Impact of Pichia guilliermondii (Pg) on lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)-induced acute phase protein
and cytokine response in the weaned pig. B. Bass* 1 , V.
Perez 2 , H. Yang 2 , T. Tsai 1 , D. Holzgraefe 2 , J. Chewning 1 ,
and C. Maxwell 1 , 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR,
USA, 2 ADM Alliance Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA.
To determine whether feeding CitriStim (a whole Pichia
guilliermondii (Pg) yeast product; ADM Alliance Nutrition)
throughout gestation and lactation affected the LPS-induced
immune response of nursery pigs, at approximately 21 d of
age, 36 weaned pigs were individually weighed and allotted
to treatment in a 3 (sows fed 0 [SC], 0.1 [S1], or 0.2% [S2]
Pg) x 2 (nursery pigs fed 0 [NC] or 0.2% [NPg] Pg) factorial
arrangement in an RCBD. At approximately 35 d of age,
pigs were individually penned in an isolated facility and
allowed a 3 d acclimation period. Pigs were challenged with
LPS (25 μg/kg BW i.m.; 0 h) to induce an immune response.
Individual BW, ADFI, and rectal temperature were recorded
at −48, −24, 0, 24, and 48 h. Blood samples were collected
at 0, 5, and 24 h for analysis of leukocyte differential and
serum IL-1β, IL-6, SAA, CRP, haptoglobin, and BUN. Pigs
XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS
124
Session V
reared on S1 had increased (P = 0.07) ADG at −48 to −24
h and −48 to 0 h compared to SC. Additionally, a linear
increase (P < 0.04) in ADFI was observed as the level of Pg
increased in sow diets at −24 to 0 h, −48 to 0 h, and 24 to
48 h. Pigs in NPg had improved G:F at −48 to −24 h, but FI
after LPS challenge was reduced compared to −48 to 0 h (P
< 0.02). There was a linear increase in rectal temperature
with increasing Pg inclusion in sow diets at −48, −24, 0
and 5 h, and a quadratic response at 48 h with S1 being
highest (P < 0.02). However, temperature decreased more
from 5 h to 24 h in pigs reared on sows receiving Pg. The
number of monocytes and percent of leukocytes that were
monocytes were higher in S2 compared to SC and S1 (P <
0.03). Additionally, the number of neutrophils were reduced
at 5 h in S1 (P < 0.05), neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio was
lower in S2 at 0 h and S1 at 5 h (time x sow treatment [T
x ST], P < 0.01]), IL-1β concentration was greater in SC at
0 h and S1 at 5 h (T x ST, P < 0.02), and IL- 6 was higher
in S2 at 0 h and S1 at 5 h (T x ST, P < 0.01). Furthermore,
BUN was higher in NC at 0 and 5 h than NPg (P = 0.05). In
conclusion, Pg, especially in gestation and lactation diets,
appears to alter immune response to LPS stimulation in the
weaned pig.
Key words: pig, LPS, yeast product
3023 Impact of Pichia guilliermondii (Pg) on sow and
litter immune parameters. B. Bass* 1 , V. Perez 2 , H. Yang 2 ,
T. Tsai 1 , D. Holzgraefe 2 , J. Chewning 1 , and C. Maxwell 1 ,
1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, 2 ADM Alliance
Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA.
A study was conducted using 3 groups of gestating gilts
and sows (n = 98) to determine the effects of a whole Pg
yeast product (CitriStim; ADM Alliance Nutrition) on dam
and litter immune parameters. Within 24 h of breeding, gilts
and sows were allotted, based on BW and parity, to one of
3 dietary treatments consisting of a control (CON) diet or
CON supplemented with either 0.1 or 0.2% Pg. On d 110
of gestation, sows were moved to a farrowing facility and
provided a lactation diet, maintaining gestation treatment
(CON, 0.1 or 0.2% Pg). Colostrum samples were collected
following farrowing, and milk samples were collected
approximately 14 d later. Blood samples were collected
from sows on d 110 of gestation for group 3, and at weaning
for all 3 groups. Blood samples were collected from piglets
at 14 d of age. Leukocyte differentials were determined on
whole blood samples. Colostrum, milk, and serum samples
were analyzed for IgA, IgG, and IgM. No differences were
observed in IgA, IgG, or IgM among treatments. However,
serum concentrations of IgA were lower (P < 0.01), and IgM
was higher (P < 0.01) at d 110 than weaning. Additionally,
concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were greater (P < 0.01)
in colostrum than milk. On d 110 of gestation, total neutrophil
count and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio were greater (P <
0.02) in sows that received 0.1% Pg than CON, with 0.2%
Pg being intermediate. Additionally, lymphocytes comprised
a greater (P = 0.03) percentage of leukocytes in CON than
0.1% Pg sows. At weaning there was a liner increase (P <
0.03) in number of neutrophils, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio
(1.66, 1.96, and 2.34 for 0, 0.1, and 0.2% Pg, respectively),
and percentage of total leukocytes that were neutrophils