XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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Digestive Physiology of Pigs Hannover, Germany, 2 Abbott Products GmbH (Germany), Hannover, Germany. The pancreatic duct ligated minipig (PL) is an established model of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), but can also be used as a model for studying effects of reduced prececal nutrient digestibility. The EPI distinctly reduces prececal digestion and absorption of nutrients with diverse consequences. This study was conducted to quantify endogenous N losses (ileocecal flux and fecal losses) in PL pigs and healthy controls (C) fed a N-free diet. Eight Göttinger minipigs (mean bw: ~30 kg) were fitted with an ileo-cecal re-entrant fistula. In 4 pigs the pancreatic duct was ligated (PL) to induce EPI. The diet fed was almost N-free [maize starch (88.8%), soy oil (4%), methylcellulose (4%) and minerals] with a crude protein content (cp) of 0.3%. 250 g of the diet was fed twice a day ( = 447 g dry matter (DM)/day) beginning in the morning when chyme or feces collection started. Ileal chyme was collected over 12 h for 7 d (except d 6). In a second study feces were collected for 10 d. In PL pigs the amount of collected chyme was much higher than in C (P ≤ 0.05). Also DM content of chyme was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in PL. Cp content of chyme did not differ. Basal ileocecal cp flux (g/kg DM intake) was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in PL (41.3 ± 11.1) than in C (15.0 ± 5.52). The amount of feces did not differ but cp-losses via feces were higher in PL (P ≤ 0.05). Lowest fecal endogenous cp losses (g/kg DM intake) were ~2.5 times higher in PL (20.6 ± 10.6) than in C (7.10 ± 3.94). In C endogenous N losses were comparable with those of other studies (prc. 15; total tract: 7.10 g cp / kg DM intake), while those in PL-pigs were 2 to 3 times higher. In conclusion, the pancreatic duct ligation reduces DM digestibility and increases endogenous N-losses. These unexpected findings (loss of pancreatic secretion was expected to lower endogenous losses) indicate, that the effect of increase of chyme mass is the predominate factor. Key words: endogenous losses, crude protein, EPI 1059 Effect of highly insoluble, low fermentable fiber on energy, fiber, and amino acid digestibility and on hindgut fermentation of fiber in growing pigs. N. A. Gutierrez* 1 , B. J. Kerr 2 , and J. F. Patience 1 , 1 Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, 2 USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of increasing amounts of highly insoluble, low fermentable fiber from corn bran on digestibility of energy, fiber, and AA, and on hindgut fermentation of fiber. A total of 15 growing pigs (initial BW: 28.7 ± 2.1 kg BW) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to 5 dietary treatment groups in a 3-period incomplete block design with 9 observations per treatment. Treatments included a corncasein basal diet and 4 diets containing increasing levels of corn bran with solubles (26.5% total dietary fiber, TDF): 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The TDF content of treatments was 7.3, 8.7, 9.1, 11.4, and 14.7% (as-fed basis). Corn or corn bran were the only sources of dietary fiber, and SID Lys:ME was maintained at 2.6 g/Mcal of ME across treatments. Feed was provided at 90% of predicted ad libitum intake of the basal diet. Hindgut fermentation of energy and fiber XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 62 Session II were determined by difference between apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of GE, TDF and NDF. The AID of AA was also calculated. Ileal and total tract flow of DM, GE, TDF and NDF increased (linear, P < 0.001) with dietary fiber level. The AID of GE (78.8 vs. 72.2%) decreased (linear, P < 0.001), but the AID of TDF (14.9 vs. 19.9%) and NDF (23.0 vs. 25.2%) were not affected (P = 0.15 and P = 0.76, respectively) by dietary fiber level. The ATTD of GE (85.4 vs. 76.9%), TDF (36.6 vs. 29.1%), and NDF (42.6 vs. 30.5%) decreased (linear, P < 0.001) with dietary fiber level. The hindgut fermentation of NDF (19.6% vs. 5.9%) and TDF (21.9 vs. 9.7%) decreased linearly (P < 0.001), and GE (6.5 vs 4.8%) tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.07) with dietary fiber level. The AID of indispensable AA (84.3 vs. 78.9%, mean value) and of Asp, Glu and Tyr decreased (linear, P < 0.001) with dietary fiber level. In conclusion, increasing levels of highly insoluble and low fermentable fiber of cornorigin reaching the hindgut may reduce the growing pig′s ability to ferment the fiber component of the diet, and may also decrease the digestibility of dietary AA. Key words: insoluble fiber, dietary fiber, pigs 1060 Lactose in diet influences the degradation of mixed linked β-D-glucan in the small intestine of pigs. K. E. B. Knudsen,* Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark. The present study was undertaken to study the cause for the variation in the digestibility of mixed linked β(1–3;1– 4)-D-glucan (β-glucan) in the small intestine of growing pigs. Β-glucan is an important cell wall (dietary fiber, DF) component of the endosperm of barley and oats. The digestibility of β-glucan in the small intestine from both cereals is among the highest of all DF components, but in one particular study with oat-based diets it was lower (P < 0.001) than what was found in other studies. In this study, whey protein containing lactose was used as protein supplement. Lactose is slowly digestible in the small intestine. To investigate if lactose could be causative for the lower digestibility of β-glucan in the study with whey protein, it was decided to quantify the content of lactose in the diets and to analyze for lactose in digesta samples from the small intestine (the small intestine was divided in 3 by length equal segments: SI1, SI2, SI3) and ileal digesta along with parameters for organic acids (lactic acids and short-chain fatty acids). Diets containing lactose were based on oat goats, oat flour, and oat bran (lactose 1.2– 3.8% of DM), whereas the reference diets were based on rolled oats, rolled oats and oat bran, wheat flour with added oat bran and wheat flour with added β-glucan (lactose 0–0.1% of DM). Lactose was identified in digesta up to SI2, but disappeared in digesta from SI3 and the ileum. There was no difference in the digestibility of β-glucan among diets up to SI3 (mean 18%), whereas the digestibility in ileum was 66% in diets without lactose and 27% in diets containing lactose (P < 0.001). With all diets, β-glucan was virtually completely digested in the cecum (mean 96%). No difference was found in the concentration of organic acids between diets either in SI3, ileum or cecum. In conclusion, slowly digestible lactose was the most likely cause of the
Digestive Physiology of Pigs reduced digestibility of β-glucan in oat diets containing lactose. Key words: β-glucan, digestibility, lactose 1061 Assessment of the presence of chemosensing receptors based on bitter and fat taste in the gastrointestinal tract of young pig. M. Colombo, P. Trevisi,* G. Gandolfi, and P. Bosi, DIPROVAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Recent research indicates that the presence of chemosensing receptors for bitter and fat taste is not restricted to the mouth, but is extended to several body compartments. Particularly the localization along the entire digestive tract contributes to the control of secreting activity, to the regulation of several hormones and to afferent neuronal modulation. However, knowledge on porcine bitter and fat taste receptors and on their expression in gastrointestinal tract of pigs is very scarce. We searched for the presence of porcine homologous sequences for 13 human transcripts of bitter and fat taste receptors, in ENSEMBL and NCBI databases. For TAS2R8 no alignment was seen; for TAS2R1, TAS2R3 and TAS2R9 a predicted sequence was found in NCBI database, but only for the last gene full homology was found by ENSEMBL. For TAS2R13 and TAS2R46 the porcine predicted sequence aligned also with several other human bitter genes. For 4 genes for bitter taste (TAS2R7, TAS2R10, TAS2R16, TAS2R38) and for 3 genes for fat taste (GPR40, GPR43, GPR120), a full homology for exons sequences was found and primers were designed by PRIMER3. These 7 genes were amplified with RT Real-Time PCR and verified on agarose gel, in 5 gastro-intestinal segments of weaned pigs: oxyntic (ST1), pyloric (ST2) and cardial to oxyntic transition mucosa (ST3); jejunum (JEJ) and colon (COL). Suitability of mRNA was verified by amplifying RPL4 and HMBS2 genes. Each taste gene was detectable on agarose gel in the following segments: TAS2R7 and TAS2R10 in ST1, ST2, ST3; TAS2R38 in ST1, ST2, ST3, JEJ; TAS2R16, GPR43 and GPR120 in all the segments. The inspection of bitter taste genes amplification curve indicated that the expression was in general very low. No expression was found for GPR40. The presence of gene expression for several chemosensing receptors for bitter and fat taste in different compartments of the stomach confirms that this organ should be considered a player for the detection of bolus composition, and, presumably, for digestive and metabolic adjustments, including the eating behavior. Key words: taste receptors, stomach, bitter 1062 Ileal and total tract digestibility of wet and dried wheat distillers grain products in growing pigs. K. Lyberg,* J. Borling, and J. E. Lindberg, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. The apparent ileal (AID) and total tract (ATTD) digestibility of nutrients were evaluated in 2 commercially available wheat distillers grain products; one wet wheat distillers XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 63 Session II grain with solubles (WDGS) from an ethanol company (Absolut AB, Åhus, Sweden) and one dried wheat distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) from a biofuel ethanol company (Lantmännen Agroetanol AB, Norrköping, Sweden). Acetic and lactic acid level of the WDGS was 115 and 17 mmol/L, respectively, and pH was 3.9. The experimental diets were composed, on DM basis, of 50% WDGS + 50% basal diet (W), and 50% DDGS + 50% basal diet (D). The basal diet was composed of corn starch, sugar, vitamins and minerals. Seven castrated male pigs with post valve t-cecum (PVTC) cannulas with an average initial body weight of 79 kg were fed the experimental diets according to a change-over design during two 14-d periods. In a pre- and post- period, casein was given as only protein source with the basal diet to estimate endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids. The endogenous losses were calculated separately for each pig and were used to estimate the standardized ileal digestibility (SID). The AID of OM did not differ between diets, but ATTD of OM was higher (P < 0.05) for diet W. The AID (76 vs. 69%) and ATTD of CP was higher (P < 0.05) in diet W than diet D. The SID for CP was higher (P < 0.05) in diet W than diet D. The SID for lysine (76 vs. 52%) and methionine (76 vs. 70%) was higher (P < 0.01) in WDGS than DDGS. The results indicate that drying of wheat distillers grain products can markedly lower the ileal digestibility of lysine and methionine, while the negative impact on the energy value will be small. Key words: digestibility, distillers grain, wheat 1063 Meta-analysis of the effect of microbial phytase on the digestibility and bioavailability of copper and zinc in growing pigs. P. Bikker* 1 , A. W. Jongbloed 1 , and J. T. N. M. Thissen 2 , 1 Wageningen UR Livestoch Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands, 2 Wageningen UR Biometris, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Complexation of cations by dietary phytate is a major cause of reduced bioavailability of zinc (Zn) and possibly copper (Cu) in pig diets. Consequently, the majority of the dietary content of these trace elements is excreted in pig manure and contributes to accumulation in the soil. Several studies have shown an increased availability of zinc by the inclusion of microbial phytase in the diet. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of microbial phytase on the digestibility and bioavailability of these trace elements in pig diets, based on experiments predominantly published in peer reviewed journals. Effects on digestibility of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were also determined to verify the validity of the methodology. Based on results of 32 experiments, blocks of 2 to 5 observations were created in which only the concentration of added phytase (in FTU/ kg diet) varied and all other (dietary) factors were kept constant. A REML analysis was performed with ln(FTU) as fixed term and block, block × ln(FTU) and the deviation of the fitted line in each block as random terms, to allow for different slopes within blocks. Inclusion of microbial phytase significantly increased the digestibility of zinc (P=0.002), the dietary digestible zinc content (P=0.005), the plasma zinc level (P
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XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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