XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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Digestive Physiology of Pigs Maternal nutrition during pregnancy may affect fetal development, neonatal growth and later life metabolic health in offspring. However, the relevance and role of macronutrient intake at constant energy intake has received little attention and the mechanism by which the maternal dietary fatty acid profile may influence the metabolic health of the offspring is still poorly understood. This study aims to determine the influence of the quality and quantity of maternal fatty acid consumption during pregnancy and clarify the potential role of alterations in early liver and muscular development. Two groups of sows were fed either a starch-rich control diet (C, n = 7) or an isocaloric, palmoil based high fat diet (HF, n = 7) during gestation. Histological and metabolic features of the liver and the biceps femoris muscle obtained from 7-d-old piglets were assessed. Basal plasma glucose levels of sows were not affected by gestation diet, but one week pre term the HF sows showed a lower glucose tolerance than C sows. Maternal diet did not influence liver glycogen or triglyceride content, nor glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 11β-HSD1, PPARα and insulin receptor mRNA expression in offspring. Liver FAB1 mRNA expression was reduced in offspring of HF sows. Furthermore, HF offspring demonstrated enhanced muscular development, reflected by an increase in fractional growth rate, rise in myofiber cross-sectional area, increased storage of glycogen and reduction in lipid staining of myofibers. Although both groups had similar intramuscular protein and triglyceride concentrations, the fatty acid composition of muscular phospholipids was affected by maternal diet. The HF group had increased ratios of C20:3n6 to C20:4n6 and total n-6 to n-3 in conjunction with upregulation of genes associated with free fatty acid uptake and biogenesis. In conclusion, the increased fat in the maternal diet did not affect liver glucocorticoid metabolism but may accelerate the maturation of offspring biceps femoris muscle, reflected in increased glycolytic metabolism. Potential metabolic effects in later life now need to be established. Key words: sows, maternal diet, programming 3022 Impact of Pichia guilliermondii (Pg) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute phase protein and cytokine response in the weaned pig. B. Bass* 1 , V. Perez 2 , H. Yang 2 , T. Tsai 1 , D. Holzgraefe 2 , J. Chewning 1 , and C. Maxwell 1 , 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, 2 ADM Alliance Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA. To determine whether feeding CitriStim (a whole Pichia guilliermondii (Pg) yeast product; ADM Alliance Nutrition) throughout gestation and lactation affected the LPS-induced immune response of nursery pigs, at approximately 21 d of age, 36 weaned pigs were individually weighed and allotted to treatment in a 3 (sows fed 0 [SC], 0.1 [S1], or 0.2% [S2] Pg) x 2 (nursery pigs fed 0 [NC] or 0.2% [NPg] Pg) factorial arrangement in an RCBD. At approximately 35 d of age, pigs were individually penned in an isolated facility and allowed a 3 d acclimation period. Pigs were challenged with LPS (25 μg/kg BW i.m.; 0 h) to induce an immune response. Individual BW, ADFI, and rectal temperature were recorded at −48, −24, 0, 24, and 48 h. Blood samples were collected at 0, 5, and 24 h for analysis of leukocyte differential and serum IL-1β, IL-6, SAA, CRP, haptoglobin, and BUN. Pigs XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 124 Session V reared on S1 had increased (P = 0.07) ADG at −48 to −24 h and −48 to 0 h compared to SC. Additionally, a linear increase (P < 0.04) in ADFI was observed as the level of Pg increased in sow diets at −24 to 0 h, −48 to 0 h, and 24 to 48 h. Pigs in NPg had improved G:F at −48 to −24 h, but FI after LPS challenge was reduced compared to −48 to 0 h (P < 0.02). There was a linear increase in rectal temperature with increasing Pg inclusion in sow diets at −48, −24, 0 and 5 h, and a quadratic response at 48 h with S1 being highest (P < 0.02). However, temperature decreased more from 5 h to 24 h in pigs reared on sows receiving Pg. The number of monocytes and percent of leukocytes that were monocytes were higher in S2 compared to SC and S1 (P < 0.03). Additionally, the number of neutrophils were reduced at 5 h in S1 (P < 0.05), neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio was lower in S2 at 0 h and S1 at 5 h (time x sow treatment [T x ST], P < 0.01]), IL-1β concentration was greater in SC at 0 h and S1 at 5 h (T x ST, P < 0.02), and IL- 6 was higher in S2 at 0 h and S1 at 5 h (T x ST, P < 0.01). Furthermore, BUN was higher in NC at 0 and 5 h than NPg (P = 0.05). In conclusion, Pg, especially in gestation and lactation diets, appears to alter immune response to LPS stimulation in the weaned pig. Key words: pig, LPS, yeast product 3023 Impact of Pichia guilliermondii (Pg) on sow and litter immune parameters. B. Bass* 1 , V. Perez 2 , H. Yang 2 , T. Tsai 1 , D. Holzgraefe 2 , J. Chewning 1 , and C. Maxwell 1 , 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, 2 ADM Alliance Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA. A study was conducted using 3 groups of gestating gilts and sows (n = 98) to determine the effects of a whole Pg yeast product (CitriStim; ADM Alliance Nutrition) on dam and litter immune parameters. Within 24 h of breeding, gilts and sows were allotted, based on BW and parity, to one of 3 dietary treatments consisting of a control (CON) diet or CON supplemented with either 0.1 or 0.2% Pg. On d 110 of gestation, sows were moved to a farrowing facility and provided a lactation diet, maintaining gestation treatment (CON, 0.1 or 0.2% Pg). Colostrum samples were collected following farrowing, and milk samples were collected approximately 14 d later. Blood samples were collected from sows on d 110 of gestation for group 3, and at weaning for all 3 groups. Blood samples were collected from piglets at 14 d of age. Leukocyte differentials were determined on whole blood samples. Colostrum, milk, and serum samples were analyzed for IgA, IgG, and IgM. No differences were observed in IgA, IgG, or IgM among treatments. However, serum concentrations of IgA were lower (P < 0.01), and IgM was higher (P < 0.01) at d 110 than weaning. Additionally, concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were greater (P < 0.01) in colostrum than milk. On d 110 of gestation, total neutrophil count and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio were greater (P < 0.02) in sows that received 0.1% Pg than CON, with 0.2% Pg being intermediate. Additionally, lymphocytes comprised a greater (P = 0.03) percentage of leukocytes in CON than 0.1% Pg sows. At weaning there was a liner increase (P < 0.03) in number of neutrophils, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (1.66, 1.96, and 2.34 for 0, 0.1, and 0.2% Pg, respectively), and percentage of total leukocytes that were neutrophils
Digestive Physiology of Pigs as level of Pg increased in sow diets. A linear increase in number born alive and weaned, without a change in average birth or weaning weight, as the level of Pg in the diet increased has previously been reported. In summary, inclusion of Pg had no effect on immune parameters measured in milk, colostrum, or d 14 serum. However, inclusion of Pg in gestation and lactation diets increased the inflammatory response of gilts and sows. Key words: immune function, yeast product, sow and litter 3024 Ileal mucosa-associated, but not ileal digesta, bacterial profiles in grower pigs are influenced by nutrition and use of antibiotics for starter pigs. C. L. Levesque* 1 , H. Yu 2 , and C. F. M. de Lange 1 , 1 University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 2 Guelph Food Research Centre, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. A longitudinal study was conducted in pigs to evaluate the effect of nutrition and use of antibiotics for starter pigs on ileal bacterial microbiota. Fifty-six pigs were weaned at 21 ± 2 d of age and fed a high (H) or low (L) complexity diet with (A+) or without (A-) chlortetracycline for 6 wk. All pigs received the same grower diet thereafter. Pigs were killed at wk 2, 4, and 8 and ileal digesta, as well as a 40 cm section of the distal ileum, were taken for extraction of digesta and mucosa-associated bacteria, respectively. Total DNA was extracted using a commercially available kit and PCR amplicons were generated using HDA1-GC XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 125 Session V and HDA2 primers against the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. DGGE electrophoresis of PCR amplicons was used for separation of distinct bacteria communities. Similarities of PCR-DGGE profiles were analyzed with Bionumerics software and the degree of similarity represented by a similarity coefficient. At wk 2, compared with HA+, mucosal bacteria from pigs fed HA-, LA+, and LA- had a similarity coefficient of 85.7, 71.4 and 50.0%, respectively. At wk 4 pigs fed LA-, HA-, and LA+ had a similarity coefficient of 88.9, 57.1, and 35.5%, respectively compared with pigs fed HA+. Compared with HA-, pigs fed LA-, LA+, and HA+ had a similarity coefficient of 88.9, 84.2, and 73.7%, respectively, at wk 8. Ileal bacterial microbiota profiles were more similar within week than across weeks. Preliminary analysis showed effects of diet and antibiotic use on ileal digesta microbiota at wk 2 and 4 but not at wk 8. Detailed analysis of the PCR-DGGE bacterial profiles in ileal digesta is currently underway. Phylogenetic analyses of the mucosa-associated bacterial profiles at wk 2 and 8 are being conducted using 454 pyrosequencing. Diet quality in the starter phase had a greater influence on mucosaassociated microbiota profiles than antibiotics at wk 2; whereas, in-feed antibiotics appeared to have a greater long-term effect on ileal mucosa-associated microbiota (i.e., wk 8). Post-weaning nutrition permanently alters ileal mucosa-associated, but not ileal digesta, microbiota profiles. Key words: early nutrition, microbiota, pigs
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XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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