XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

Digestive
Physiology
of Pigs
h, 50% of the mixtures was removed and replaced with
the same amount of fresh feed and water and enzyme.
The same procedure was followed every 24 h until 168
h of incubation. A sample was taken at 168, 174, 180,
and 192 h. Addition of some of the enzymes reduced the
level of insoluble NSP (P ≤ 0.01). Specifically one enzyme
combination (glucanase+xylanase) had the clearest effect
on fiber degradation including a reduced recovery of total
NSP (61% recovery after 48 h, P = 0.004, and 87% at 192
h relative to 168 h, P = 0.08). Some enzymes increased
protein solubility (P ≤ 0.03) during the initial 48 h. The data
from this screening in vitro study indicated that addition of
enzymes to rapeseed cake during liquid fermentation can
be a strategy to improve the nutritional quality of rapeseed
cake to pigs. These results need to be confirmed in in vivo
studies.
Key words: fermentation, enzymes
3061 effect of hMB supplementation of sows in late
gestation and lactation on sow production of colostrum
and milk and piglet performance. C. Flummer* and
P. K. Theil, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University,
Tjele, Denmark.
The leucine metabolite β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate
(HMB) has shown positive effects on colostrum fat content
and piglet growth when supplemented to the sow in late
gestation. This trial was conducted to investigate whether
HMB supplementation would influence colostrum and milk
yield of sows and early piglet survival (0–24 h). Control
sows (n = 8) were fed a standard lactation diet from d108
of gestation and throughout the experiment. Sows on
HMB (n = 8) were fed the same diet topdressed with 2.5
g Ca(HMB) 2 , supplied at equal amounts at 2 daily meals
throughout the experiment. Litters were standardized to
12 piglets per sow, within experimental group on d1. Both
groups had an average of 11.3 piglets per sow at weaning.
Blood samples were taken from the sows by jugular vein
puncture on d −7, −3, 1, 10, 17 and 28 (weaning) relative
to parturition. Piglets were weighed at birth, after 24h, and
repeatedly throughout lactation to estimate the colostrum
and milk yield of the sows. Samples of colostrum and milk
was collected and analyzed. Sows fed HMB produced more
colostrum (309 vs. 233 g/piglet; P = 0.06) estimated based
on the piglet weight gain during the colostrum period (132
vs. 76 g/piglet; P = 0.05) and more piglets survived during
the colostrum period (P < 0.05). The HMB sows tended to
transfer more protein to the newborn piglets via colostrum
(P = 0.06), whereas transfer of other colostrum nutrients
was numerically higher, but not statistically different from
the control. The HMB sows produced milk with a higher
content of fat and dry matter (P < 0.05) than control sows,
but the milk production of HMB sows was numerically lower
(11.6 vs. 12.1 kg/d; P = 0.57), and at weaning the HMB
piglets weighed less than the control piglets (7.48 vs. 8.30
kg; P < 0.01). These data indicate that HMB is beneficial
for the colostrum production, but detrimental for the milk
production of sows.
Key words: β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate, transition period,
piglet survival
XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS
143
Session VII
3062 The effect of protease and carbohydrase
enzymes on growth performance and nutrient digestibility
in finisher pigs. J. McAlpine, C. J. O’Shea, P. F.
Varley, B. Flynn, and J. V. O’Doherty,* University College
Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Two 2 × 2 factorial experiments were conducted to investigate
the interaction between carbohydrase (0 vs. 200 g/kg) and
protease (0 vs. 200 g/kg) enzyme supplementation on growth
performance (experiment 1) and coefficient of ileal and total
tract apparent digestibility in grower-finisher pigs (experiment
2). One hundred and twenty eight individual fed pigs (BW =
34.2, n=32) were assigned to one of four dietary treatments
(T1) basal diet, (T2) basal diet + carbohydrase enzyme, (T3)
basal diet + protease enzyme, (T4) basal diet + carbohydrase
+ protease enzyme. The basal diet contained wheat distillers
(300 g/kg), rapeseed meal (210 g/kg), wheat (310 g/kg),
barley (135 g/kg) and soya oil (20 g/kg). The pigs offered
diets containing carbohydrase enzymes had reduced daily
gain (0.788 vs. 0.848 kg/day, s.e.m ± 0.0170, P < 0.05),
feed intake (1.87 vs. 2.00 kg/day, s.e.m ± 0.039, P < 0.05)
and final body weight (96.0 vs. 99.4 kg s.e.m ± 1.15, P <
0.05) compared to pigs offered diets without carbohydrase
enzymes. In Experiment 2, the nutrient digestibility
experiment consisted of 24 intact male pigs (n=6, BW = 78
kg; SD±2.3kg), offered identical diets to that offered in Exp.
1. Following the fecal collections, the pigs were slaughtered
and digesta samples were taken from the ileum in order to
measure apparent ileal nitrogen (N) and gross energy (GE)
digestibilities. Pigs offered diets supplemented with protease
had increased coefficients of ileal digestibility of N compared
to pigs offered diets without protease supplementation (0.583
vs. 0.449, s.e.m ± 0.005, P > 0.05). There was a carbohydrase
x protease interaction (P < 0.05) on the apparent ileal
digestibility of GE. Pigs offered diets containing protease only
had increased apparent ileal digestibility of GE compared to
basal fed pigs; however, the ileal digestibility of GE decreased
when protease was combined with carbohydrase. Neither
carbohydrase or protease enzymes had any effect on total
tract digestibility of GE or N. In conclusion, carbohydrase and
protease enzyme supplementation had no positive effects on
grower-finisher pig performance.
Key words: protease, carbohydrase, pigs
3063 Addition of casein to a whey-based formula
has limited effects on gut function in preterm pigs.
T. Thymann* 1 , A. C. F. Støy 2 , S. B. Bering 1 , L. Mølbak 2 ,
and P. T. Sangild 1 , 1 Department of Human Nutrition, University
of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark,
2 National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of
Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
Preterm infants are susceptible to gastrointestinal disorders
like necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Risk factors for
NEC include prematurity, formula feeding, and bacterial
colonization. Whereas we have previously shown that
the carbohydrate fraction in formula can influence NEC
development, the role of the protein source is relatively
unknown. Protein sources used in infant formula include
hydrolysed protein and intact whey and casein protein. Using
a preterm pig model the aim was to determine if a combined