XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

Digestive
Physiology
of Pigs
2000 Promoting mucosal immunity—Developing new
efficacious probiotics. D. Kelly,* RINH, Institute of Medical
Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
The gastrointestinal tract contains large numbers of
microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota.
The early microbiota is derived from both maternal and
environmental sources and is affected by factors such as
genotype, antibiotics and nutrition. The early microbiota
is heterogeneous and dynamic, reflecting the mixture of
microbial populations associated with the environment.
Recent studies have shown that the first period of postnatal
life is characterized by fluctuating microbial diversity
until convergence toward a stable adult microbiota. The
microbiota has several important physiological properties
including promoting pathogen resistance and immune
development. The ability to limit pathogen colonization is
either due to competition for similar micro-niches within the
gut or to the production of antimicrobial factors. The immune
modulatory effects of the gut microbiota are immense and
a mechanistic understanding of how bacteria influence
immune development and regulation is emerging. In the
healthy animal a delicate balance is maintained between
beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria. Imbalances
between health promoting commensal bacteria and
pathogens drives a wide range of mucosal and systemic
immune responses that can be costly to health, growth and
performance. Supplementing beneficial microorganisms
in the gastrointestinal tract to improve intestinal function
and boost animal growth and performance is considered
an important and desirable alternative to antibiotic use.
Probiotics which, by definition are ‘live microorganisms
which when administered in adequate amounts confer a
health benefit on the host’ provide an important opportunity
to beneficially manipulate the gut microbiota. A large
number of studies have failed to consistently demonstrate
efficacy of current probiotics. However, new rigorous
scientific screening approaches designed to select
bacterial strains with robust biological efficacy provide an
exciting opportunity for the development and exploitation of
new generation of probiotics with proven ability to promote
healthy immune function and limit enteric infections.
2001 effects of capsicum and turmeric oleoresins
on performance, diarrhea, gut morphology, immune
and inflammatory status of weaned pigs infected with
a pathogenic E. coli. Y. Liu1 , M. Song1 , JA Soares1 , D.
Bravo2 , C. M. Maddox1 , J. E. Pettigrew1 , and C. Oguey* 2 ,
1 2 University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA, Pancosma SA,
Geneva, Switzerland.
Plant extracts are known to positively impact gut function
and immune modulation. The objective of this trial was to
evaluate if capsicum (CAP) and turmeric (TUR) oleoresins
could affect performance, diarrhea, gut morphology,
immune and inflammatory status of weaned piglets infected
with a pathogenic F-18 E. coli. Weaned pigs (6.3 kg BW,
21 d old) were housed in disease containment chambers
for 15 d and allocated to treatments according to a factorial
arrangement (8 animals/treatment). First factor was with or
without a F-18 E. coli challenge with 10 10 cfu/mL daily oral
XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS
92
Session III
dose for 3 d from d 0. Second factor was the diet type:
control diet (CON), 10 ppm CAP or TUR. Performance
parameters were measured at d 0, 5 and 11. On d 5 and
11, one-half of the pigs were euthanized to collect intestine
to measure villi height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and their
ratio (VH:CD). Diarrhea (DS) was daily scored individually
(1: normal, to 5: watery diarrhea). Frequency of diarrhea
(FD) was the percentage of pig days with DS ≥3. Blood
was collected on d 0, 5, and 11 to measure white blood cell
(WBC) counts, serum TNF-α and haptoglobin. The infection
reduced overall performance and VH and increased DS
and FD as expected. It increased (P ≤ 0.05) lymphocytes,
TNF- α and haptoglobin on d 5, and WBC, neutrophils,
lymphocytes, monocytes, and haptoglobin on d 11. In sham
group, plant extracts improved (P ≤ 0.05) ADG from d 0 to 5
and reduced average DS from d 0 to 5 and FD. On d 5, CAP
and TUR decreased (P ≤ 0.05) haptoglobin. In challenged
group, plant extracts reduced (P ≤ 0.05) DS from d 3 to 5
and d 9 to 11, and overall FD. Plant extracts increased ileal
VH on d 5 (P ≤ 0.05), jejunum VH (P ≤ 0.1) and VH:CD (P ≤
0.1), without affecting growth performance. CAP decreased
(P ≤ 0.05) TNF-α (−22.8%) and haptoglobin (−41.2%)
on d 5, and WBC (−32.9%) and neutrophils (−39.4%) on
d 11. TUR decreased (P ≤ 0.05) TNF-α (−20.7%) on d5
and neutrophils (−40%) on d 11. This demonstrated that
CAP and TUR positively affected performance, gut health
humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs infected
with E. coli.
Key words: plant extracts, E. coli, disease resistance
2002 Influence of the feed physical form (grinding
intensity/compaction) on the incidence of immune
cells, the mannose content in the mucus and the in
vitro adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium in the porcine
intestine. S. J. Sander* 1 , A. Callies 1 , A. Beineke 2 , J.
Verspohl 1 , and J. Kamphues 1 , 1 Institute for Animal Nutrition,
University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany,
2 Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine,
Hannover, Germany.
Former studies showed an influence of the feed structure
on the secretion pattern of intestinal mucins (neutral/acid).
The aim of the following studies was to evaluate further
potential effects of feed physical form on the intestinal
immune response of young pigs; first by evaluating
numbers of IgA-secreting plasma cells (IgA-SC) and mast
cells, second by determining the density of mannose in the
intestinal mucus as a receptor for Salmonellae and third
the in vitro adhesion of Salmonellae without the digesta as
influencing factor. Forty-eight pigs (45 ± 3 d, 14.2 ± 2.35
kg BW) were fed identical diets as a coarse meal (CM)
or a finely ground pellet (FP). After 6 wk, tissue from the
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were fixed in
formaldehyde or Carnoy’s solution. The first were stained
immunohistologically for IgA-SC and mast cells; counts
were expressed as cells/10,000µm 2 lamina propria. The
second were stained with the lectin GNA (binds specifically
to mannose). The GNA-stained secreted mucus was
scored by 1 = < 25%, 2 = 25–50%, 3 = 50–75%, 4 = >
75% of the whole mucus. Ileal and cecal mucosa were
incubated with S. Typhimurium, washed and diluted to count