XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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Digestive Physiology of Pigs Key words: gastric ulcer, grinding intensity, intragastric mileu 3048 The effects of supplementations with two potassium formate sources on performance of 8 to 22 kg pigs. J. K. Htoo* 1 and J. Morales 2 , 1 Evonik Industries AG, Hanau, Germany, 2 PigChampPro Europa, SL, Segovia, Spain. Dietary inclusion of salts of organic acids may modulate intestinal microbiota and enhance pig performance. Published data on the effects of K-formate (46.5% K and 53.5% formate; pH 6.0–8.5) on pig performance are scarce compared with that of K-diformate (65% K-formate and 35% formic acid; pH 4.1–4.5). Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of K-diformate or K-formate supplementation on performance of 8 to 22 kg pigs. A 35-d growth trial was conducted with 144 PIC pigs (initial BW of 7.9 ± 1.1 kg) with 6 pigs (3 gilts and 3 barrows) per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Pigs were blocked by BW and assigned to 3 diets based on corn, wheat and soybean meal for each of the pre-starter (d 1–21) and starter phases (d 22–35). The basal diets contained no antibiotics and met requirements for AA (1.25 and 1.12% standardized ileal digestible Lys for pre-starter and starter phase) and NE (2486 and 2414 kcal/kg for pre-starter and starter phase). The basal diet for each phase was supplemented with K-diformate at 1.20% or K-formate at 1.56% replacing corn starch to create diets 2 and 3, respectively. Room temperature was controlled at 26°C during wk 1 and gradually reduced by 1°C per week. The ADG during the pre-starter, starter and overall periods increased (P < 0.05) by K-diformate or K-formate supplementation. The BW on d 35 of pigs fed diet supplemented with K-diformate or K-formate were higher (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the basal diet. The ADFI was not affected by the treatments. The supplementation of K-diformate improved (P < 0.05) FCR during the pre-starter and overall periods while K-formate addition improved (P < 0.05) FCR during the pre-starter, starter and overall periods. Performance of pigs fed diets supplemented with K-formate and K-diformate were similar and no effects of K-formate source were observed. Diarrhea incidences were observed mainly during wk 1 but no differences were observed (P > 0.05) among treatments with respect to the number of required antibiotic treatments and the fecal consistency scores. Overall, the supplementation of K-diformate or K-formate improved the performance of weaned pigs. Key words: K-diformate, K-formate, weaned pigs 3049 Reduced small intestinal α-amylase activity in the presence of soluble fibre arabinoxylan. A. M. Pluschke* 1,2 , M. J. Gidley 1,2 , and B. A. Williams 1,2 , 1 The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 2 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. Soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) such as arabinoxylan (AX), the major cell wall polysaccharide of wheat endosperm, are associated with reduced rates of starch digestion in the small intestine, though the causes of this are unclear. The aim of this work was to examine the hypothesis that dietary AX XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 138 Session VII reduces the activity of amylase available for starch digestion in the porcine small intestine, which would potentially have an effect on the glycaemic response of animals fed a starchcontaining diet. Twelve Large White male pigs were housed individually and were fed a highly digestible diet based on wheat starch, egg powder, whey protein concentrate, palm oil and sunflower oil for 2 weeks before digesta collection, either with or without 10% wheat AX. Digesta was collected from the stomach and small intestine (SI-6 sub-sections) under anesthetic before euthanasia. SI1 and SI6 were measured as 1 m after the stomach and before the cecum respectively. SI2-SI5 consisted of the middle portion of the small intestine equally divided into 4 lengths. Analysis of α-amylase activity was performed for the stomach and the first 4 sections of the SI, using an α-amylase specific kit (Biovision # K711–100), modified for use with a micro-plate spectrophotometer at 415 nm. The presence of AX led to a significantly later half-time (to reach maximum absorbance for the assay; P = 0.0039) throughout the SI. For the AX diet, the half-time values were also different between SI1 and SI2, compared with SI3 and SI4, whereby the values were later for SI3 and SI4. The data suggests 2 possible mechanisms. For the non-AX diet pigs, the increased amylase activity in SI1 and SI2 meant that there was no starch left to be degraded in SI3 and SI4, compared with the AX-diet pigs. Alternatively, the presence of AX may have resulted in a prolonged activity along the tract due to the viscous nature of the digesta. Both mechanisms will have consequences on the glycaemic response caused by SDFs such as AX. Key words: arabinoxylan, α-amylase, digestion 3050 Comparison of four commercial feed proteases for improvement of nutritive value of poultry feather meal. M. B. Pedersen* 1,4 , S. Yu 1,2 , P. Plumstead 3 , and S. Dalsgaard 1 , 1 Enzyme R&D, Genencor, Danisco A/S, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK 8220 Brabrand, Aarhus, Denmark, 2 Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 3 Danisco Animal Nutrition, Marlborough, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Feed industries are seeking new ways to cope with increased raw material costs. One of the approaches is to apply enzymatic treatment in the production of feed ingredients from animal by- products. It is known that feather is composed mainly of the highly rigid structural polypeptide, keratin, which is resistant to known digestive enzymes (e.g., pepsin and trypsin). Special proteases, keratinases, are capable of hydrolyzing keratin-rich material, and have been applied in the production of feather by-products for use as feed. A nutritional improvement of keratinase-pretreated feather meal has been reported compared to conventional hydrothermal processing, supporting possible benefits of using proteases in the feather meal processing industry. The use of enzymaticpretreated feather meal as feed ingredient in pig diets is still to be investigated. However, studies using conventional feather meal show that feather meal can be incorporated at a level up to 6% into isolysinic diets of growing-finishing pigs without adversely impacting animal performance, carcass composition, or pork quality. Furthermore, no difference in performance has been observed when up to 4% feather
Digestive Physiology of Pigs meal was fed to pigs 0 to 4 wk of age and up to 8% for 4- to 8-wk-old pigs. The current study examined four commercial feed proteases used to hydrolyze chicken feather: These are from Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis PWD-1, Aspergillus niger and the symbiotic bacterium Serratia proteamaculans HY-3. The degree of keratinolysis by these four proteases was monitored by measuring released NH2-groups using o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results showed that all these four feed proteases were able to degrade feather when examined at pH 5.5 and 7.0. The degree of hydrolysis was stimulated by the addition of reducing reagents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and sodium sulfite. In general, the protease from Bacillus subtilis was more efficient in degrading feather keratin compared to the other three feed proteases at both pH5.5 and 7.0. For commercial production, the application of protease from Bacillus subtilis is even more advantageous if cost-in-use may be considered. Key words: feather keratin, feed proteases, enzymes 3051 Use of COSITeC in vitro model of the pig colon to assess the effect of probiotic yeast on fermentation parameters and microbiota. E. Pinloche* 1,2 , M. Williams 1 , R. D’Inca 2 , E. Auclair 2 , and C. J. Newbold 1 , 1 Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom, 2 Lesaffre Feed Additives, Marcq-en- Baroeul, France. This study evaluated 2 doses of a commercial live yeast probiotic (Actisaf Sc47) on fermentation parameters and microbiota using an in vitro model (COSITEC) to mimic digestion in the pig colon. Digesta content from colon and cecum of 8 growing pigs (circa 100 kg; fed a commercial diet with no probiotic) was collected and used as diet (freezedried digesta) and inoculum (fresh digesta). Live yeast (LY) was added to the freeze-dried digesta at a dose of 5 g/kg (L1), 50 g/kg (L2) or none (C) and fed at a rate of 2.2 g/d (n = 4). After 8 d of adaptation, samples were collected for 2 d to measure VFA, ammonia, gas and methane production together with LY counts, pH, redox potential (Eh), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and microbiota structure (T-RFLP). Statistical analyses were performed using randomized block design//repeated measures ANOVA and T-RFLP profiles were analyzed with MANOVA. Over a 24-h period, LY counts decreased by 2.5 log and it was estimated that 65 h (L1) and 100 h (L2) would be necessary for the LY to be totally washed-out of the fermentors. Treatments did not have an impact on pH (mean of 7.08), Eh (−253 mV), gas (550 mL/d) or methane production (0.6 mL/d). L2 (but not L1) significantly improved DMD (61%) compared with C (58%) and ammonia (+15%). VFA production increased with L2 compare with C: iso-butyrate (+14%), propionate (+8.5%), iso-valerate (+17%) and N-valerate (+25%) but only N-valerate was impacted by L1 (+13%). The analysis of the microbiota, performed on both the liquid (LAB) and solid associated bacteria (SAB), revealed that there was a significant difference in the structure of the microbiota between SAB and LAB (P < 0.01), treatments (P < 0.001) but that the interaction was also significant (P = 0.043). Indeed, for the LAB only L2 had a significant impact on the microbiota (P < 0.01) whereas L1 also tended to change the structure of the microbiota in XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS 139 Session VII the SAB (P = 0.075). Overall, this study showed that a LY probiotic could improve the fermentation pattern in a colonic simulation model but only at the higher dose used and this was probably due to a shift in the microbiota. Key words: yeast, dry matter digestibility, microbiota 3052 Responses of dietary ileal amino acid digestibility to consumption of different cultivars of potatoes and conventional fibers in pigs fed a high-fat basal diet. Q. Wang* 1 , X. Yang 1 , S. Leonard 1 , T. Archbold 1 , A. Sullivan 1 , B. Bizimungu 2 , A. Murphy 2 , A. Duncan 1 , D. Ma 1 , J. Htoo 3 , and M. Fan 1 , 1 University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Potato Research Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada, 3 Evonik Industries AG, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany. While dietary fibers are well recognized for nutritional management of human health issues, fiber components are also known to be one of the anti-nutritional factors potentially affecting digestive utilization of dietary proteins. As a staple food, potato may be a significant dietary fiber source. The objective of this study was to examine effects of dietary supplementation of 6 potato cultivars that are different in soluble fiber contents and 2 conventional fiber components (cellulose and guar gum) on the apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in pigs fed a high-fat basal diet. The basal diet was formulated as a control to contain 41.5% poultry meal, 4% casein, 15% animal fat-oil blend, 2.8% sucrose, 31% cornstarch and the rest as trace mineral and vitamin supplements with fat contributing to 47% of dietary gross energy. The 2 fiber diets were formulated by diluting the basal diet with 10% guar gum and cellulose at the expense of cornstarch. Six other test diets were formulated by diluting the basal diet with 25.1% of 6 cultivars of dehydrated potato tuber powder to contain 10% total dietary fiber at the expense of cornstarch. Titanium oxide was included (0.30%) as a digestibility marker. A total of 81 barrows, with an average initial BW of 25 kg, were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and fed the 9 diets according to a completely randomized block design for 9 blocks with each block lasted 28 d. Total AA contents in samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with the control, apparent ileal digestibility of Leu, Phe, Pro and Gly were decreased (P < 0.05) by 10% guar gum, while the digestibility of Leu, Phe and Gly were reduced (P < 0.05) by 10% cellulose. However, potato supplementation did not significantly affect the ileal AA digestibility compared with the 2 fiber diets. Our results suggest that 10% guar gum and cellulose supplementation may adversely affect digestive utilization of dietary protein, however, consumption of high-soluble fiber potatoes unlikely influences protein nutrition. Key words: fiber, amino acids, pigs 3053 Changes in the pig small intestinal mucosal glutathione system after weaning. J. Degroote 1,2 , J. Michiels* 1,2 , E. Claeys 2 , A. Ovyn 2 , and S. De Smet 2 , 1 University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium, 2 Ghent University, Melle, Belgium.
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XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

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