XII - 12th International Symposium - Digestive Physiology of Pigs

Digestive
Physiology
of Pigs
piglets experimentally challenged with Escherichia
coli. R. Badia 1,2 , R. Lizardo 1 , P. Martinez 2 , I. Badiola 3 , and
J. Brufau* 1 , 1 IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries,
Constantí, Tarragona, Spain, 2 IBB - UAB Institut
de Biotecnología i Biomedicina - Universidad Autonoma de
Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 3 CReSA - Centre
de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
Gums and yeast cells are natural mannose-rich products
that can be used as subtrates for adhesion of Gram-negative
bacteria. Moreover, live yeast has beneficial effects in the
prevention and treatment of intestinal disorders. The aim
of the study was to investigate the role of dietary locust
bean gum (LBG, Salmosan, ITPSA, Spain) or live yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisae SC47, Actisaf, Lesaffre, France)
as immunological enhancers of the intestinal epithelium of
piglets. Treatments included a non-infected group fed with a
control diet and 4 other groups orally challenged with 1 × 10 8
cfu of Escherichia coli K99. These 4 groups corresponded
to animals fed a control diet or supplemented with colistin,
LBG or yeast. Twenty-five Landrace × Duroc piglets
weaned at 4 wk were used. They were housed in groups
and fed experimental diets for 2 wk before the challenge
and euthanized 3 d later. Blood, bile, ileum and mesenteric
lymph node (MLN) were sampled for analysis of C-reactive
protein (CRP), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and tolllike
receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4). C-reactive protein of
control fed piglets increased after the challenge (P < 0.001).
However, piglets previously fed with LBG and yeast diets
showed CRP levels similar to the non-challenged group.
Bile sIgA levels increased for all the challenged groups
and particularly for the pigs fed the yeast diet (P < 0.01).
Compared with non-challenged pigs, both receptors in MLN
and ileal TLR4 were upregulated in control group after the
challenge (P < 0.05). Pigs fed yeast diet showed similar
expression of TLR2 and TLR4 to unchallenged pigs in both
tissues, whereas pigs fed LBG diets showed intermediate
results. It appears that piglets fed yeast diet were protected
against an E.coli infection. In conclusion, live yeast S.
cerevisiae and locust bean gum may reduce the risk of E.
coli infection and may be suitable alternatives to antibiotic
growth promoters for the weaned piglet.
Key words: piglet, immunity, E. coli challenge
2006 effects of feeding capsicum oleoresin, garlicon,
or turmeric oleoresin on gene expression of ileal mucosa
of pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E.
coli. Y. Liu* 1 , M. Song1 , T. M. Che1 , J. A. Soares-Almeida1 ,
J. J. Lee1 , D. Bravo2 , C. W. Maddox1 , and J. E. Pettigrew1 ,
1 2 University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA, Pancosma SA, Geneva,
Switzerland.
This study characterized the effects of 3 plant extracts
on gene expression in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs
experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. Weaned
pigs (n = 64, 6.3 kg BW, 21 d old) were housed in individual
pens for 15 d: 4 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation
(d 0). Treatments were in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement:
with or without an F-18 E. coli challenge and 4 diets (a
nursery basal diet (CON), 10 ppm of capsicum oleoresin
XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF PIGS
94
Session III
(CAP), garlicon (GAR), or turmeric oleoresin (TUR)). Total
RNA (4 pigs/treatment) was extracted from ileal mucosa of
pigs at d 5. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified, labeled,
and further hybridized to the Affymetrix GeneChip Genome
Array. Microarray data were analyzed in R using packages
from the Bioconductor project. Bioinformatics analysis was
conducted by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. Pairwise
comparisons tested 4 different effects of interest. The E. coli
infection altered the expression of 240 genes of pigs fed the
CON. Compared with the infected CON, feeding CAP, GAR,
and TUR affected the expression of 52 (18 up, 34 down),
117 (34 up, 83 down), and 84 (16 up, 68 down) genes,
respectively. The E. coli infection upregulated (P < 0.05)
the expression of genes related to the activation of immune
response, but downregulated (P < 0.05) the expression of
genes involved in protein synthesis and accumulation; in
most of cases the plant extracts counteracted these effects
of E. coli. Compared with the infected CON, feeding CAP
and GAR increased (P < 0.05) the expression of genes
related to membrane, suggesting enhanced gut mucosa
health. Moreover, feeding all 3 plant extracts reduced (P
< 0.05) the expression of genes associated with antigen
presentation or other biological processes of immune
responses, indicating attenuation of overstimulation of
immune responses caused by E. coli. In conclusion,
plant extracts regulated the expression of genes in ileal
mucosa of E. coli-infected pigs, perhaps providing benefits
by enhancing the gut mucosa health and attenuating the
overstimulation of the immune system.
Key words: Escherichia coli, pigs, plant extracts
2007 Butyrate relieves weaning diarrhea by promoting
repair of pig intestinal barrier. X. Ma,* S. Hu, and D.
Li, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural
University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing,
P. R. China.
Post-weaning diarrhea is one of the most common causes
of morbidity and mortality for weanling piglets. Our previous
research suggested that feeding butyrate to weanling
piglets decreased the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea.
However, the mechanism through which this is achieved
has not been fully elucidated. The present study was
carried out to evaluate the effect of butyrate on diarrhea in
relation to intestinal mucosal barrier function using IPEC-J2
porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Cultured IPEC-J2 cells
were scratched to serve as an intestinal damage model.
Supplementation of the cells in vitro with butyrate caused
significant repair of the mucosal barrier, accompanied
by enhanced expression of laminin and fibronectin (P
< 0.05). In addition, butyrate increased the mRNA and
protein expression of the intestinal mucosal tight junction
proteins occludin and zonula occluden protein-1 (P <
0.05), which suggests protective effects of butyrate on
the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, in the butyrate treated
group, intestinal tSOD (P < 0.05) and GSH-Px (P < 0.05),
2 of the main antioxidant enzymes, as well as GSH (P <
0.01), one of the non-enzymatic anti-oxidant components,
were enhanced, whereas the MDA level, a marker of free
radical mediated lipid peroxidation injury, was decreased (P
< 0.01) compared with the control group. Collectively, these