Frans_M_Everaerts_Isotachophoresis_378342.pdf

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EQUIPMENT 221 signal of the thermocouple is needed, no amplification is necessary if a 100-mV poten- tiometric recorder is available. 7.4.3. Narrow-bore tube thermostated with an aluminium block Fig.7.12 shows the main difference between this equipment and that described in section 7.4.2. A PTFE narrow-bore tube (O.D. 0.75 mm, I.D. 0.45 rnm) is embedded in a groove in an aluminium block, and is wound around the aluminium block in the form of a helix. Fig.7.12. Exploded view of the basic components of an electrophoretic apparatus suitable for isotachophoretic analyses in which the narrow-bore tube is mounted on a thermostated aluminium block. 1 = Narrow-bore tube; 2,3 = thermocouples (copper-constantan); 4 = aluminium block; 5 = cap for the aluminium block; 6 = Pt resistor; 7 = load. Tap water can flow through the block through four canals.
Fig.7.13. Electronic circuit for thermostating the aluminium block shown in Fig.7.12. d 222 INSTRUMENTATION
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Journal of Chromatogaphy Library -
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Journal of Chromatography Library -
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Dedicated to Pr0f.Dr.h. A.I.M. Keul
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Contents Preface ..................
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CONTENTS IX 6.4.2. The d.c. method
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CONTENTS XI 12.2.2. Applications ..
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It is very well known that charged
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Chapter 1 Historical review SUMMARY
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HISTORICAL REVIEW 3 Independently i
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THEORY
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Chapter 2 Principles of electrophor
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS a S
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS 0 iu
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 13 2.4. PRINCIPLE
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 15 As the anionic
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS velocities, so tha
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 19 d.t ’.t I Fig
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 21 t Fig.2.8. Isot
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ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING 23 The four is
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DISCUSSION 25 Fig.2.11. Survey of t
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Chapter 3 Concept of mobility SUMMA
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IONIC MOBILITY AND IONIC EQUIVALENT
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 31 obtain
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 33 compari
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY Fig.3.4. R
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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Chapter 4 Mathematical model for is
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 43 anionic specie
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.1. Equilibriu
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 41 i Similar equa
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 49 Uthzone (U-llt
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.4. Modified O
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GENERAL EQUATIONS TABLE 4.2 REDUCED
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE STEADY S
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VALIDITY OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MO
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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REFERENCES 81 Fig.4.17. Relationshi
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Chapter 5 Choice of electrolyte sys
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 85 In general
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT TABLE 5.2 THE
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT pH and pKvalu
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 91 TABLE 5.4
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE TERMINATING AND LEADI
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ADDITIONS TO THE ELECTROLYTE SOLUTI
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EXAMPLES Choice of solvent. Can wat
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EXAMPLES 103 solvent, hoping that a
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.11 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.12 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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Fig.5.9. Isotachopherograms of the
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EXAMPLES II 4 3 Fig.5.11. Isotachop
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REFERENCES 113 Example I. As exampl
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INSTRUMENTATION
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Chapter 6 Detection systems SUMMARY
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 6.1.3. Combi
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING Potential gr
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING /2 Fig.6.1.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING T t l Fig.6.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 7 127 It-- I
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING a concentrat
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HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY DETECTI
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 133 Fig.6.9.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 135 The d.c.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 137 Hi V 1kR
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.12. Co
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.14. Th
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 143 6.4.4. T
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 145 contact
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 147 We can n
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 149 N.Y., U.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 151 achieved
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UV ABSORPTION METER 153 -_-.- +- R
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UV ABSORPTION METER Fig.6.22. Contr
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W ABSORPTION METER r +15V -15V Mod
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W ABSORPTION METER 159 TABLE 6.4 PR
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W ABSORPTION METER 230 240 2% m zm
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to Mod (Fig 6.24) oscillator I sync
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UV ABSORPTION METER 165 dicular to
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Fig.6.31. Isotachopherograms for th
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UV ABSORPTION METER 169 50 Fig.6.33
Page 186 and 187: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 171 6
Page 188 and 189: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 173 e
Page 190 and 191: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 175 a
Page 192 and 193: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 177 o
Page 194 and 195: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 179 d
Page 196 and 197: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 181 T
Page 198 and 199: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES Fig.6
Page 200 and 201: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 185 F
Page 202 and 203: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 1 2 3
Page 204 and 205: ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 189 n
Page 206 and 207: COATING OF THE MICRO-SENSING ELECTR
Page 208 and 209: DETECTION LIMITS 193 electric drivi
Page 210 and 211: DETECTION LIMITS 195 Fig.6.48. Infl
Page 212 and 213: DETECTION LIMITS 197 TABLE 6.6 SURV
Page 214 and 215: CONCLUSION 199 average length of a
Page 216 and 217: REFERENCES 201 seen. Again it is cl
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 7 Instrumentation SUMMARY T
Page 220 and 221: INJECTION SYSTEMS I! I n Fig.7.1. P
Page 222 and 223: INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.3. Exploded
Page 224 and 225: INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.5. Injectio
Page 226 and 227: COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 1
Page 228 and 229: COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS Even
Page 230 and 231: COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 5
Page 232 and 233: EQUIPMENT the large bore, a more di
Page 234 and 235: EQUIPMENT 219 belonging to three cl
Page 238 and 239: EQUIF'MENT 223 No effect on the res
Page 240 and 241: EQUIPMENT 225 Fig.7.14. Electrophor
Page 242 and 243: EQUIPMENT Fig.7.16. Photograph of t
Page 244 and 245: EQUIPMENT 229 mounted equiplanar, w
Page 246 and 247: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 ins
Page 248 and 249: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p High
Page 250 and 251: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE Fig.7.2
Page 252 and 253: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 aro
Page 254 and 255: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p high
Page 256 and 257: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 24 1 7.
Page 258 and 259: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE I I 31
Page 260 and 261: COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE max. 15
Page 262 and 263: APPLICATIONS
Page 264 and 265: Chapter 8 Introduction SUMMARY In t
Page 266 and 267: INTRODUCTION 25 1 the various ionic
Page 268 and 269: Chapter 9 Practical aspects SUMMARY
Page 270 and 271: DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH 25
Page 274 and 275: DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH- 2
Page 278 and 279: DISTURBANCES DUE TO CO, 263 Electro
Page 280 and 281: ENFORCED ISOTACHOPHORESIS 265 t T T
Page 282 and 283: WATER AS TERMINATOR 267 function of
Page 284 and 285: PURIFICATION OF THE TERMINATOR 7 4
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REFERENCES 271 AS an example, the c
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Chapter 10 Quantitative aspects SUM
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THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 215 vj c
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THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS TABLE 10.
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CONDUCTIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS factor
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CONCLUSION 28 1 Tables 10.3-10.5 wa
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Chapter 11 Separation of cationic s
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SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE AS
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I SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE A
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SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND U
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Chapter I2 Separation of anionic sp
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SEPARATION USING A THERMOMETRIC DET
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SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND W
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Chapter 13 Amino acids, peptides an
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AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.1 OPERATIONAL
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AMINO ACIDS 8- ?- 6- 5- 4- 3- 2- f-
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AMINO ACIDS 317 TABLE 13.5 STEP HEI
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AMINO ACIDS Fig.13.3. Schematic dia
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AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.6 DETERMINATIO
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SEPARATION OF PROTEINS IN AMPHOLYTE
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SEPARATION OF SMALL PEPTIDES reprod
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Chapter I4 Separation of nucleotide
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Chapter 15 Enzymatic reactions SUMM
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE (FR
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE 35
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Chapter 16 Separations in non-aqueo
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SEPARATION OF ANIONIC SPECIES IN ME
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SEPARATION OF CATIONIC SPECIES IN M
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EXPERIMENTS IN AQUEOUS METHANOLIC S
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Chapter I7 Counter flow of electrol
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INTRODUCTION 317 In various operati
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EXPERIMENTAL 0% 10 % a b 60 % a b a
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EXPERIMENTAL 381 caused by the coun
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CONCLUSION 383 c t r ’r; I I"
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A Simplified model of movi
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PROCEDURE OF COMPUTATION A.3. PROCE
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EXPERIMENTAL 39 1 TABLE A1 THEORETI
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DISCUSSION E I I Fig.A2. Graphical
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Appendix B Diameter of the narrow-b
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Appendix C Literature 1897-1966 F.
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LITERATURE 399 B.P. Konstantinov an
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LITERATURE 401 1971 L. Arlinger, Is
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LITERATURE 403 1973 L. Arlinger and
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LITERATURE 405 A. Chrambach and J.S
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LITERATURE 407 M. Coxon and M.J. Bi
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Symbols and abbreviations SYMBOLS A
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS SUPERSCRI
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Subject index A Absorption meter, U
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SUBJECT INDEX 41 5 Detection limit
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SUBJECT INDEX 41 7 --_ , separation
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