Frans_M_Everaerts_Isotachophoresis_378342.pdf

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Subject index A Absorption meter, UV 153-170 a.c. conductivity detector, differentiator 154 Acidic media 87 Acidic solvents 86 a.c. method, calibration of conductimeter 15 1 ___ , circuit suitable for determination of the conductivity 146, 148 ___ , linearity of two conductimeters 152 a.c. method of resistance determination 135, 143 Activity coefficients 76 Adaptation in concentrations 44 Adapted zones 18 Additives 180-190 _-_ , effect on electroendosmotic flow 171-173 --- , effect on micro-sensing electrodes 174- 180 --_ , influence.on isotachophoretic separation 183 Additives to the electrolytes 171-190 Alkali metals, determination 102 Alkali metals in methanol 104 Aluminium block, isotachophoretic equipment with thermostating via 221-224 Amino acids, peptides and proteins 31 Iff Amino acids, qualitative information 316, 317, 322 Amphiprotic media 87 Ampholyte gradients, separation of proteins 322-335 Analytical isotachophoresis, survey of detectors used 122 Anionic species, separation in aqueous solutions using a conductivity detector (a.c. method) and a UV absorption detector (256 nm) 300-310 --- , separation in aqueous solutions using a thermometric detector 295-300 --_ , separation in methanol using a thermometric detector 362-364 Anions, qualitative information 297, 298, 307-310,363 Aqueous methanolic systems, separations using a conductimetric detector (a.c. method) and UV absorption detector (256 nm) 373 Aqueous solutions, separation of anionic species using a conductivity detector (a.c. method) and a UV absorption detector (256 nm) 300-310 _-_ , separation of anionic species using a thermometric detector 295-300 ___ , separation of cationic species using a conductivity detector (a.c. method) and a UV absorption detector (256 nm) 293, 294 ___ , separation of cationic species using a thermocouple as detector 283-293 Aqueous systems, separation of nucleotides using a conductivity detector (a.c. method) and a UV absorption detector (256 nm) 342-345 ___ , separation of nucleotides using a thermometric detector 337ff Axial temperature differences 75, 76 B Background electrolyte 7 Basic media 87 Basic solvents 86 Beharrliche Funktion 2, 41 Boundary, concentration 44 ___ , separation 44 -__ , ___ ,velocity 48 Buffering capacity 94, 249 C Calibration constant 273,275,280, 281 Calibration of concentrations 99 Calibration of conductimeter, ax. method 151 Calibration of d.c.-a.c. converter 141 Carrier functions 325 Carriers 99, 100 Cationic species, separation in aqueous solutions using a conductivity detector (a.c. method) and a UV absorption detector (256 nm) 293,294 ___ , separation in aqueous solutions using a thermocouple as detector 283-293 ___ , separation in methanol using a thermometric detector 364-373 413
414 SUBJECT INDEX Cations, qualitative information 287, 292, 293, 368 Choice of buffering counter ionic species 92,93 Choice of electrolyte system 83ff Choice of electrolyte system, scheme 101 Choice of pH of the leading electrolyte 93-96 Choice of solvent 84-92 Choice of terminating and leading ionic species 96-99 Circuit for counter flow regulation via the membrane pump 242, 245 Circuit for d.c. method 137 Circuit suitable for determination of the conductivity, a.c. method 146, 148 Circuit for differentiating thermometric signals 123 Circuit for on-off regulation of the pumping mechanism during counter-flow 239 Circuit for potential gradient detector 137 Circuit for regulation of the counter-flow of electrolyte via level regulation 233 Circuit for thermostating 222 Circuit of UV source 157 Coating of micro-sensing electrodes 191-193 --- ,effect 192, 194 Combination of systems 11 1 Compartment, counter electrode 21 1-217 --- -__ , cylindrical 213-215 ~ -_- --_ , with flat membrane 215-217 Complex formation 33-35 Computation procedure for isotachophoresis 62 Computation procedure in moving-boundary electrophoresis 389 Computer program (steady-state in isotachophoresis) 74 Concept of mobility 27ff Concentration adaption 18, 19 Concentration boundary 44 ‘Concentration’ principle of isotachophoretic analyses 378 Concentrations, calibration 99 Conductance, equivalent 29,36, 86 Conductimeters, calibration, a.c. method 151 -_- , two, linearity, a.c. method 152 Conductimetric detector (a.c. method) and UV absorption detector (256 nm), separations in aqueous methanolic systems 373 Conductivity, ionic equivalent 29-31 Conductivity detection 133 -1 52 -_- , high-frequency 130-133 --- , __- , construction 131-133 Conductivity detector 133 Conductivity detector (a.c. method) and UV absorption detector (256 nm), separation of anionic species in aqueous solutions 300-310 Conductivity detector (a.c. method) and UV absorption detector (256 nm), separation of cationic species in aqueous solutions 293,294 Conductivity detector (a.c. method) and UV absorption detector (256 nm), separation of nucleotides in aqueous systems 342-345 Conductivity probe 136 Conductivity probe with equiplanar-mounted measuring electrodes 144 Conductivity probe with equiplanar-mounted sensing electrodes 143-152 Construction, high-frequency conductivity detection 131 -1 33 Construction of thermocouples 119-1 25 Conversion, enzymatic 348-360 Conversion of data 270, 271 Corrosion inhibitors 184 Coulomb’s law 85 Counter electrode compartment 211-217 __- , cylindrical 213-215 -__ ,with flat membrane 215-217 Counter flow, 100% 375 Counter flow of electrolyte 230-245, 375ff -_- , influence of impurities 231 --- , via level regulation, circuit 233 Counter flow regulated by the current-stabilized power supply 241-245 Counter flow regulation, via the membrane pump, circuit 242,245 Counter flow with direct control on the pumping mechanism via the power supply 237,238 Counter flow with level regulation 231-233 Counter flow with light-dependent resistor regulation 23 3 -23 7 Counter flow with no regulation 238-240 Counter flow with on-off regulation of the pumping mechanism, circuit 239 Counter ionic species, buffering, choice 92,93 Current, leak 188 Current density, influence on the isotachopherogram 195 Current stabilized power supply 229 Cylindrical counter electrode compartment 213-215 D Data, conversion 270, 271 d.c.-a.c. converter 140-142 __- , calibration 141 d.c. method, circuit 137 d.c. method of resistance determination 135 De-gassing of electrolytes 252
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Journal of Chromatogaphy Library -
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Journal of Chromatography Library -
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Dedicated to Pr0f.Dr.h. A.I.M. Keul
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Contents Preface ..................
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CONTENTS IX 6.4.2. The d.c. method
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CONTENTS XI 12.2.2. Applications ..
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It is very well known that charged
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Chapter 1 Historical review SUMMARY
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HISTORICAL REVIEW 3 Independently i
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THEORY
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Chapter 2 Principles of electrophor
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS a S
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS 0 iu
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 13 2.4. PRINCIPLE
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 15 As the anionic
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS velocities, so tha
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 19 d.t ’.t I Fig
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 21 t Fig.2.8. Isot
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ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING 23 The four is
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DISCUSSION 25 Fig.2.11. Survey of t
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Chapter 3 Concept of mobility SUMMA
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IONIC MOBILITY AND IONIC EQUIVALENT
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 31 obtain
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 33 compari
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY Fig.3.4. R
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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Chapter 4 Mathematical model for is
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 43 anionic specie
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.1. Equilibriu
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 41 i Similar equa
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 49 Uthzone (U-llt
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.4. Modified O
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GENERAL EQUATIONS TABLE 4.2 REDUCED
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE STEADY S
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VALIDITY OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MO
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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REFERENCES 81 Fig.4.17. Relationshi
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Chapter 5 Choice of electrolyte sys
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 85 In general
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT TABLE 5.2 THE
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT pH and pKvalu
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 91 TABLE 5.4
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE TERMINATING AND LEADI
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ADDITIONS TO THE ELECTROLYTE SOLUTI
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EXAMPLES Choice of solvent. Can wat
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EXAMPLES 103 solvent, hoping that a
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.11 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.12 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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Fig.5.9. Isotachopherograms of the
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EXAMPLES II 4 3 Fig.5.11. Isotachop
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REFERENCES 113 Example I. As exampl
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INSTRUMENTATION
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Chapter 6 Detection systems SUMMARY
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 6.1.3. Combi
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING Potential gr
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING /2 Fig.6.1.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING T t l Fig.6.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 7 127 It-- I
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING a concentrat
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HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY DETECTI
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 133 Fig.6.9.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 135 The d.c.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 137 Hi V 1kR
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.12. Co
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.14. Th
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 143 6.4.4. T
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 145 contact
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 147 We can n
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 149 N.Y., U.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 151 achieved
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UV ABSORPTION METER 153 -_-.- +- R
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UV ABSORPTION METER Fig.6.22. Contr
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W ABSORPTION METER r +15V -15V Mod
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W ABSORPTION METER 159 TABLE 6.4 PR
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W ABSORPTION METER 230 240 2% m zm
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to Mod (Fig 6.24) oscillator I sync
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UV ABSORPTION METER 165 dicular to
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Fig.6.31. Isotachopherograms for th
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UV ABSORPTION METER 169 50 Fig.6.33
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 171 6
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 173 e
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 175 a
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 177 o
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 179 d
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 181 T
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES Fig.6
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 185 F
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 1 2 3
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 189 n
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COATING OF THE MICRO-SENSING ELECTR
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DETECTION LIMITS 193 electric drivi
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DETECTION LIMITS 195 Fig.6.48. Infl
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DETECTION LIMITS 197 TABLE 6.6 SURV
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CONCLUSION 199 average length of a
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REFERENCES 201 seen. Again it is cl
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Chapter 7 Instrumentation SUMMARY T
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INJECTION SYSTEMS I! I n Fig.7.1. P
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INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.3. Exploded
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INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.5. Injectio
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 1
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS Even
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 5
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EQUIPMENT the large bore, a more di
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EQUIPMENT 219 belonging to three cl
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EQUIPMENT 221 signal of the thermoc
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EQUIF'MENT 223 No effect on the res
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EQUIPMENT 225 Fig.7.14. Electrophor
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EQUIPMENT Fig.7.16. Photograph of t
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EQUIPMENT 229 mounted equiplanar, w
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 ins
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p High
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE Fig.7.2
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 aro
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p high
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 24 1 7.
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE I I 31
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE max. 15
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APPLICATIONS
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Chapter 8 Introduction SUMMARY In t
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INTRODUCTION 25 1 the various ionic
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Chapter 9 Practical aspects SUMMARY
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DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH 25
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DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH- 2
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DISTURBANCES DUE TO CO, 263 Electro
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ENFORCED ISOTACHOPHORESIS 265 t T T
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WATER AS TERMINATOR 267 function of
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PURIFICATION OF THE TERMINATOR 7 4
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REFERENCES 271 AS an example, the c
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Chapter 10 Quantitative aspects SUM
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THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 215 vj c
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THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS TABLE 10.
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CONDUCTIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS factor
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CONCLUSION 28 1 Tables 10.3-10.5 wa
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Chapter 11 Separation of cationic s
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SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE AS
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I SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE A
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SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND U
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Chapter I2 Separation of anionic sp
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SEPARATION USING A THERMOMETRIC DET
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SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND W
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Chapter 13 Amino acids, peptides an
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AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.1 OPERATIONAL
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AMINO ACIDS 8- ?- 6- 5- 4- 3- 2- f-
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AMINO ACIDS 317 TABLE 13.5 STEP HEI
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AMINO ACIDS Fig.13.3. Schematic dia
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AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.6 DETERMINATIO
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SEPARATION OF PROTEINS IN AMPHOLYTE
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SEPARATION OF SMALL PEPTIDES reprod
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Chapter I4 Separation of nucleotide
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Chapter 15 Enzymatic reactions SUMM
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE (FR
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE 35
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Chapter 16 Separations in non-aqueo
Page 378 and 379: SEPARATION OF ANIONIC SPECIES IN ME
Page 380 and 381: SEPARATION OF CATIONIC SPECIES IN M
Page 388 and 389: EXPERIMENTS IN AQUEOUS METHANOLIC S
Page 390 and 391: Chapter I7 Counter flow of electrol
Page 392 and 393: INTRODUCTION 317 In various operati
Page 394 and 395: EXPERIMENTAL 0% 10 % a b 60 % a b a
Page 396 and 397: EXPERIMENTAL 381 caused by the coun
Page 398 and 399: CONCLUSION 383 c t r ’r; I I"
Page 400 and 401: APPENDICES
Page 402 and 403: Appendix A Simplified model of movi
Page 404 and 405: PROCEDURE OF COMPUTATION A.3. PROCE
Page 406 and 407: EXPERIMENTAL 39 1 TABLE A1 THEORETI
Page 408 and 409: DISCUSSION E I I Fig.A2. Graphical
Page 410 and 411: Appendix B Diameter of the narrow-b
Page 412 and 413: Appendix C Literature 1897-1966 F.
Page 414 and 415: LITERATURE 399 B.P. Konstantinov an
Page 416 and 417: LITERATURE 401 1971 L. Arlinger, Is
Page 418 and 419: LITERATURE 403 1973 L. Arlinger and
Page 420 and 421: LITERATURE 405 A. Chrambach and J.S
Page 422 and 423: LITERATURE 407 M. Coxon and M.J. Bi
Page 424 and 425: Symbols and abbreviations SYMBOLS A
Page 426 and 427: SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS SUPERSCRI
Page 430 and 431: SUBJECT INDEX 41 5 Detection limit
Page 432 and 433: SUBJECT INDEX 41 7 --_ , separation
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