Frans_M_Everaerts_Isotachophoresis_378342.pdf

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Symbols and abbreviations SYMBOLS A A a B b C C 'act C* DL7 D E e F fc G H h I i MI N n ni 0 P Q 4 R r S S T increasing UV absorption; empirical constant for a given series of ions of the same charge ionic species A activity buffer ionic species B, ionic species B; empirical constant for a given series of ions of the same charge distance of closest approach (A) capacity (F) concentration (molell) actual concentration of the ionic species in the narrow-bore tube (molell) equivalent concentration (g-equiv./l) dielectric constant of the solvent dielectric constant of a solution electric field strength (V/cm); electromotive force (V) charge on an electron (C) Faraday constant (C/g-equiv.); force (N) friction factor constant step height (qualitative information) (generally mm) step height (qualitative information) (generally mm) electric current (d.c.) (A); ionic strength (g-equiv./ml) electric current (a.c.) (A) equilibrium constant (in general, K is written for Ka) calibration constant gas constant per mole (erg/"K) constants length of a zone (cm) length of a zone (sec) migration distance of ion A (cm) mobility (cm' /V * s); molality (mole/l) molecular weight of the solvent Avogadro's number number of pKa values of a molecule number of ions i per ml cross-section of the narrow-bore tube (cm’) distance between point of injection and point of detection (cm) total amount of an ionic species (mole); volume transport (ml/sec) charge on an ion (e.s.e.; C) gas constant (erg/"K); electric resistance (sym. increasing resistance) (a) radius (A) entropy electrolyte constant; migration way absolute temperature (OK); increasing temperature 409
410 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1 V v oi a* P Y f 1) K A A* x x* IJe w SUBSCRIPTS A B C corn H i ind isot i L OH- 0 r ref rel. ret. time (sec); transport number d.c. voltage drop (V); increasing voltage; molecular volume (A') velocity (cm/sec); a.c. voltage drop volume injected (pl) function of K h function of K b maximum number of positive charges for an ionic species; valency of an ion extent of dissociation; constant real extent of dissociation; constant ratio of two electric field strengths activity coefficient; correction factor according to Onsager potential (V) viscosity (g/cm - sec) function of the concentration molar conductance (cm2 /a * mole) equivalent conductance (cm2 /a - equiv.) electric conductivity of a zone [(Q crn)-'] equivalent conductance of an ionic species (cm'/s2 - equiv.) magnetic permeability frequency (Hz) ionic species A ionic species B concentration computed ionic species H' a number indicating the step of dissociation; summation index indicator electrode isotachophoretic a number indicating the step of dissociation; liquid junction leading ion/zone ionic species OH- at zero concentration type of ionic species reference electrode; reference value relaxation retardation
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Journal of Chromatogaphy Library -
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Journal of Chromatography Library -
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Dedicated to Pr0f.Dr.h. A.I.M. Keul
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Contents Preface ..................
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CONTENTS IX 6.4.2. The d.c. method
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CONTENTS XI 12.2.2. Applications ..
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It is very well known that charged
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Chapter 1 Historical review SUMMARY
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HISTORICAL REVIEW 3 Independently i
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THEORY
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Chapter 2 Principles of electrophor
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS a S
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS 0 iu
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 13 2.4. PRINCIPLE
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 15 As the anionic
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS velocities, so tha
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 19 d.t ’.t I Fig
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 21 t Fig.2.8. Isot
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ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING 23 The four is
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DISCUSSION 25 Fig.2.11. Survey of t
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Chapter 3 Concept of mobility SUMMA
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IONIC MOBILITY AND IONIC EQUIVALENT
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 31 obtain
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 33 compari
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY Fig.3.4. R
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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Chapter 4 Mathematical model for is
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 43 anionic specie
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.1. Equilibriu
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 41 i Similar equa
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 49 Uthzone (U-llt
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.4. Modified O
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GENERAL EQUATIONS TABLE 4.2 REDUCED
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE STEADY S
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VALIDITY OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MO
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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REFERENCES 81 Fig.4.17. Relationshi
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Chapter 5 Choice of electrolyte sys
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 85 In general
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT TABLE 5.2 THE
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT pH and pKvalu
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 91 TABLE 5.4
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE TERMINATING AND LEADI
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ADDITIONS TO THE ELECTROLYTE SOLUTI
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EXAMPLES Choice of solvent. Can wat
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EXAMPLES 103 solvent, hoping that a
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.11 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.12 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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Fig.5.9. Isotachopherograms of the
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EXAMPLES II 4 3 Fig.5.11. Isotachop
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REFERENCES 113 Example I. As exampl
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INSTRUMENTATION
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Chapter 6 Detection systems SUMMARY
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 6.1.3. Combi
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING Potential gr
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING /2 Fig.6.1.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING T t l Fig.6.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 7 127 It-- I
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING a concentrat
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HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY DETECTI
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 133 Fig.6.9.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 135 The d.c.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 137 Hi V 1kR
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.12. Co
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.14. Th
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 143 6.4.4. T
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 145 contact
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 147 We can n
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 149 N.Y., U.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 151 achieved
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UV ABSORPTION METER 153 -_-.- +- R
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UV ABSORPTION METER Fig.6.22. Contr
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W ABSORPTION METER r +15V -15V Mod
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W ABSORPTION METER 159 TABLE 6.4 PR
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W ABSORPTION METER 230 240 2% m zm
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to Mod (Fig 6.24) oscillator I sync
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UV ABSORPTION METER 165 dicular to
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Fig.6.31. Isotachopherograms for th
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UV ABSORPTION METER 169 50 Fig.6.33
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 171 6
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 173 e
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 175 a
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 177 o
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 179 d
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 181 T
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES Fig.6
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 185 F
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 1 2 3
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 189 n
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COATING OF THE MICRO-SENSING ELECTR
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DETECTION LIMITS 193 electric drivi
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DETECTION LIMITS 195 Fig.6.48. Infl
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DETECTION LIMITS 197 TABLE 6.6 SURV
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CONCLUSION 199 average length of a
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REFERENCES 201 seen. Again it is cl
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Chapter 7 Instrumentation SUMMARY T
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INJECTION SYSTEMS I! I n Fig.7.1. P
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INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.3. Exploded
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INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.5. Injectio
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 1
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS Even
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 5
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EQUIPMENT the large bore, a more di
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EQUIPMENT 219 belonging to three cl
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EQUIPMENT 221 signal of the thermoc
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EQUIF'MENT 223 No effect on the res
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EQUIPMENT 225 Fig.7.14. Electrophor
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EQUIPMENT Fig.7.16. Photograph of t
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EQUIPMENT 229 mounted equiplanar, w
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 ins
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p High
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE Fig.7.2
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 aro
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p high
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 24 1 7.
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE I I 31
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE max. 15
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APPLICATIONS
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Chapter 8 Introduction SUMMARY In t
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INTRODUCTION 25 1 the various ionic
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Chapter 9 Practical aspects SUMMARY
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DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH 25
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DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH- 2
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DISTURBANCES DUE TO CO, 263 Electro
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ENFORCED ISOTACHOPHORESIS 265 t T T
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WATER AS TERMINATOR 267 function of
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PURIFICATION OF THE TERMINATOR 7 4
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REFERENCES 271 AS an example, the c
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Chapter 10 Quantitative aspects SUM
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THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 215 vj c
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THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS TABLE 10.
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CONDUCTIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS factor
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CONCLUSION 28 1 Tables 10.3-10.5 wa
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Chapter 11 Separation of cationic s
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SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE AS
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I SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE A
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SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND U
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Chapter I2 Separation of anionic sp
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SEPARATION USING A THERMOMETRIC DET
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SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND W
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Chapter 13 Amino acids, peptides an
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AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.1 OPERATIONAL
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AMINO ACIDS 8- ?- 6- 5- 4- 3- 2- f-
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AMINO ACIDS 317 TABLE 13.5 STEP HEI
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AMINO ACIDS Fig.13.3. Schematic dia
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AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.6 DETERMINATIO
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SEPARATION OF PROTEINS IN AMPHOLYTE
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SEPARATION OF SMALL PEPTIDES reprod
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Chapter I4 Separation of nucleotide
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Chapter 15 Enzymatic reactions SUMM
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE (FR
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE 35
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE 35
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Page 376 and 377: Chapter 16 Separations in non-aqueo
Page 378 and 379: SEPARATION OF ANIONIC SPECIES IN ME
Page 380 and 381: SEPARATION OF CATIONIC SPECIES IN M
Page 388 and 389: EXPERIMENTS IN AQUEOUS METHANOLIC S
Page 390 and 391: Chapter I7 Counter flow of electrol
Page 392 and 393: INTRODUCTION 317 In various operati
Page 394 and 395: EXPERIMENTAL 0% 10 % a b 60 % a b a
Page 396 and 397: EXPERIMENTAL 381 caused by the coun
Page 398 and 399: CONCLUSION 383 c t r ’r; I I"
Page 400 and 401: APPENDICES
Page 402 and 403: Appendix A Simplified model of movi
Page 404 and 405: PROCEDURE OF COMPUTATION A.3. PROCE
Page 406 and 407: EXPERIMENTAL 39 1 TABLE A1 THEORETI
Page 408 and 409: DISCUSSION E I I Fig.A2. Graphical
Page 410 and 411: Appendix B Diameter of the narrow-b
Page 412 and 413: Appendix C Literature 1897-1966 F.
Page 414 and 415: LITERATURE 399 B.P. Konstantinov an
Page 416 and 417: LITERATURE 401 1971 L. Arlinger, Is
Page 418 and 419: LITERATURE 403 1973 L. Arlinger and
Page 420 and 421: LITERATURE 405 A. Chrambach and J.S
Page 422 and 423: LITERATURE 407 M. Coxon and M.J. Bi
Page 426 and 427: SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS SUPERSCRI
Page 428 and 429: Subject index A Absorption meter, U
Page 430 and 431: SUBJECT INDEX 41 5 Detection limit
Page 432 and 433: SUBJECT INDEX 41 7 --_ , separation
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