Frans_M_Everaerts_Isotachophoresis_378342.pdf

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SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND UV DETECTORS 307 TABLE 12.7 RELATIVE STEP HEIGHTS OBTAINED IN THE OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS LISTED IN TABLES 12.1, 12.4,12.5 and 12.6 FOR VARIOUS ANIONIC SPECIES The accuracy is better than 4%. The values given are to be used only for the identification of anionic species in isotachophoretic analyses in the operational systems considered. The chloride ion (leading ion) has a relative step height of 0, while the chlorate ion has relative step height of 100. At pH 3.0 the current was stabilized at 90 wA; at pH 4.5 the current was stabilized at 80 MA; at pH 6.0 the current was stabilized at 70 PA; at pH 7.5 the current was stabilized at 80 MA. h = step height. -_- - No UV absorbance; - = not measured. Ionic species pH = 3.0 pH = 4.5 pH = 6.0 pH = 7.5 Aspartic acid, dl. benzyl Acetic acid Acetic acid, monochloro Acetic acid, dichloro Acetic acid, trichloro Benzoic acid Benzoic acid, p-amino Benzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy Benzoic acid, p- nitro Butyric acid Cacodylic acid Capric acid Caproic acid Caprylic acid Chlorate Chromic acid Chromic acid, hi Citric acid Enanthic acid Formic acid E'umaric acid Glucaric acid Glucuronic acid Glu tamic acid Glycerinic acid Glycolic acid Gluconic acid lOOh UV lOOh UV lOOh UV 100h UV absorp- 7 absorp- 7 absorp- - absorphchlorate tion chlorate tion chlorate tion hchlorate tion - 3880 745 578 656 2810 6290 1460 1600 5280 n.s.m.* n.s.m. 6520 7280 100 184 210 1370 6750 1010 980 - 2200 3750 1670 1620 - Hippuric acid 1370 - 1090 516 537 699 1200 1780 930 890 1240 6610 6260 1930 2320 100 173 168 51 9 2040 285 338 - 1310 1510 760 587 - 1180 1150 484 487 542 620 726 836 803 771 751 1509 1486 905 1062 100 134 132 259 988 208 217 355 1033 927 629 456 1023 962 1139 466 465 5 24 596 7 23 768 734 759 725 940 1410 859 101 1 100 33 35 178 94 8 209 230 _ 1019 887 61 1 469 - 412
308 SEPARATION OF ANIONIC SPECIES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS TABLE 12.7 (continued) Ionic species pH = 3.0 pH = 4.5 pH = 6.0 pH = 7.5 Iodic acid orKetoglutaric acid Lactic acid Laevulinic acid Maleic acid Malic acid Malonic acid Me thacrylic acid Naphthalene-2- sulphonic acid Nicotinic acid Nitric acid Nitrous acid Orotic acid Oxalic acid Pelargonic acid Perchloric acid Phenylacetic acid Phosphoric acid Phthalic acid Picric acid F’imelic acid Pivalic acid Propionic acid Propionic acid, p-chloro Pyrazine, 2,3- dicar box ylic acid Pyrazole, 33- dicarbox ylic acid Salicylic acid Succinic acid Sulphamic acid Sulphanilic acid Sulphuric acid Sulphurous acid Tartaric acid Tartronic acid lOOh uv lOOh uv lOOh w 100h w absorp 7 absorp- 7 absorp- - absorp- ‘chlorate tion chlorate tion chlorate tion %hlorate tion 498 915 1910 4220 508 1460 750 3360 830 5040 20 32 970 400 5970 69 3680 840 1280 820 4330 7090 4480 1820 616 876 1060 2720 308 1260 33 364 1000 696 17 __ _- _- 50 __ __ 8 89 100 __ __ 90 5 __ __ 12 __ 72 100 -_ __ __ __ 73 65 30 __ __ 100 __ -- __ -_ *n.s.m. = not sufficiently mobile. 500 505 1060 1390 491 5 24 469 1100 910 1570 21 31 810 120 1880 63 1210 750 5 00 890 1270 1910 1460 820 368 303 686 84 1 311 7 87 49 332 321 274 464 259 609 744 305 259 209 619 798 731 35 25 738 93 1150 75 823 614 382 766 450 859 635 6 29 296 293 647 301 294 688 60 284 233 157 460 250 593 719 207 253 169 6 24 779 667 33 19 720 83 1023 72 814 326 346 753 412 821 604 565 290 288 667 279 303 719 48 172 226 142
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Journal of Chromatogaphy Library -
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Journal of Chromatography Library -
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Dedicated to Pr0f.Dr.h. A.I.M. Keul
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Contents Preface ..................
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CONTENTS IX 6.4.2. The d.c. method
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CONTENTS XI 12.2.2. Applications ..
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It is very well known that charged
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Chapter 1 Historical review SUMMARY
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HISTORICAL REVIEW 3 Independently i
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THEORY
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Chapter 2 Principles of electrophor
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS a S
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MOVINGBOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS 0 iu
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 13 2.4. PRINCIPLE
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 15 As the anionic
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS velocities, so tha
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 19 d.t ’.t I Fig
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ISOTACHOPHORESIS 21 t Fig.2.8. Isot
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ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING 23 The four is
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DISCUSSION 25 Fig.2.11. Survey of t
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Chapter 3 Concept of mobility SUMMA
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IONIC MOBILITY AND IONIC EQUIVALENT
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 31 obtain
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY 33 compari
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EFFECTIVE IONIC MOBILITY Fig.3.4. R
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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DETERMINATION OF IONIC MOBILITIES 3
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Chapter 4 Mathematical model for is
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 43 anionic specie
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.1. Equilibriu
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 41 i Similar equa
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 49 Uthzone (U-llt
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GENERAL EQUATIONS 4.2.4. Modified O
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GENERAL EQUATIONS TABLE 4.2 REDUCED
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE STEADY S
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VALIDITY OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MO
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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CHECK OF THE ISOTACHOPHORETIC MODEL
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REFERENCES 81 Fig.4.17. Relationshi
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Chapter 5 Choice of electrolyte sys
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 85 In general
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT TABLE 5.2 THE
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT pH and pKvalu
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CHOICE OF THE SOLVENT 91 TABLE 5.4
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE pH OF THE LEADING ELE
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CHOICE OF THE TERMINATING AND LEADI
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ADDITIONS TO THE ELECTROLYTE SOLUTI
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EXAMPLES Choice of solvent. Can wat
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EXAMPLES 103 solvent, hoping that a
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.11 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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EXAMPLES TABLE 5.12 STEP HEIGHTS OF
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Fig.5.9. Isotachopherograms of the
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EXAMPLES II 4 3 Fig.5.11. Isotachop
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REFERENCES 113 Example I. As exampl
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INSTRUMENTATION
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Chapter 6 Detection systems SUMMARY
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 6.1.3. Combi
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING Potential gr
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING /2 Fig.6.1.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING T t l Fig.6.
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING 7 127 It-- I
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THERMOMETRIC RECORDING a concentrat
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HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY DETECTI
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 133 Fig.6.9.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 135 The d.c.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 137 Hi V 1kR
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.12. Co
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION Fig.6.14. Th
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 143 6.4.4. T
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 145 contact
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 147 We can n
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 149 N.Y., U.
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CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION 151 achieved
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UV ABSORPTION METER 153 -_-.- +- R
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UV ABSORPTION METER Fig.6.22. Contr
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W ABSORPTION METER r +15V -15V Mod
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W ABSORPTION METER 159 TABLE 6.4 PR
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W ABSORPTION METER 230 240 2% m zm
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to Mod (Fig 6.24) oscillator I sync
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UV ABSORPTION METER 165 dicular to
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Fig.6.31. Isotachopherograms for th
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UV ABSORPTION METER 169 50 Fig.6.33
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 171 6
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 173 e
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 175 a
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 177 o
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 179 d
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 181 T
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES Fig.6
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 185 F
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 1 2 3
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ADDITIVES TO THE ELECTROLYTES 189 n
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COATING OF THE MICRO-SENSING ELECTR
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DETECTION LIMITS 193 electric drivi
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DETECTION LIMITS 195 Fig.6.48. Infl
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DETECTION LIMITS 197 TABLE 6.6 SURV
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CONCLUSION 199 average length of a
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REFERENCES 201 seen. Again it is cl
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Chapter 7 Instrumentation SUMMARY T
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INJECTION SYSTEMS I! I n Fig.7.1. P
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INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.3. Exploded
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INJECTION SYSTEMS Fig.7.5. Injectio
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 1
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS Even
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COUNTER ELECTRODE COMPARTMENTS 21 5
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EQUIPMENT the large bore, a more di
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EQUIPMENT 219 belonging to three cl
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EQUIPMENT 221 signal of the thermoc
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EQUIF'MENT 223 No effect on the res
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EQUIPMENT 225 Fig.7.14. Electrophor
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EQUIPMENT Fig.7.16. Photograph of t
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EQUIPMENT 229 mounted equiplanar, w
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 ins
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p High
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE Fig.7.2
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 231 aro
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE p high
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE 24 1 7.
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE I I 31
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COUNTER FLOW OF ELECTROLYTE max. 15
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APPLICATIONS
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Chapter 8 Introduction SUMMARY In t
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INTRODUCTION 25 1 the various ionic
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Chapter 9 Practical aspects SUMMARY
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DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH 25
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Page 274 and 275: DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH- 2
Page 276 and 277: DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY H+ AND OH 26
Page 278 and 279: DISTURBANCES DUE TO CO, 263 Electro
Page 280 and 281: ENFORCED ISOTACHOPHORESIS 265 t T T
Page 282 and 283: WATER AS TERMINATOR 267 function of
Page 284 and 285: PURIFICATION OF THE TERMINATOR 7 4
Page 286 and 287: REFERENCES 271 AS an example, the c
Page 288 and 289: Chapter 10 Quantitative aspects SUM
Page 290 and 291: THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 215 vj c
Page 292 and 293: THERMOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS TABLE 10.
Page 294 and 295: CONDUCTIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS factor
Page 296 and 297: CONCLUSION 28 1 Tables 10.3-10.5 wa
Page 298 and 299: Chapter 11 Separation of cationic s
Page 300 and 301: SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE AS
Page 306 and 307: I SEPARATION USING A THERMOCOUPLE A
Page 308 and 309: SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND U
Page 310 and 311: Chapter I2 Separation of anionic sp
Page 312 and 313: SEPARATION USING A THERMOMETRIC DET
Page 316 and 317: SEPARATION USING CONDUCTIVITY AND W
Page 326 and 327: Chapter 13 Amino acids, peptides an
Page 328 and 329: AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.1 OPERATIONAL
Page 330 and 331: AMINO ACIDS 8- ?- 6- 5- 4- 3- 2- f-
Page 332 and 333: AMINO ACIDS 317 TABLE 13.5 STEP HEI
Page 334 and 335: AMINO ACIDS Fig.13.3. Schematic dia
Page 336 and 337: AMINO ACIDS TABLE 13.6 DETERMINATIO
Page 338 and 339: SEPARATION OF PROTEINS IN AMPHOLYTE
Page 350 and 351: SEPARATION OF SMALL PEPTIDES reprod
Page 352 and 353: Chapter I4 Separation of nucleotide
Page 362 and 363: Chapter 15 Enzymatic reactions SUMM
Page 364 and 365: ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE (FR
Page 370 and 371: ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE 35
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE 35
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ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE 35
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Chapter 16 Separations in non-aqueo
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SEPARATION OF ANIONIC SPECIES IN ME
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SEPARATION OF CATIONIC SPECIES IN M
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EXPERIMENTS IN AQUEOUS METHANOLIC S
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Chapter I7 Counter flow of electrol
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INTRODUCTION 317 In various operati
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EXPERIMENTAL 0% 10 % a b 60 % a b a
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EXPERIMENTAL 381 caused by the coun
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CONCLUSION 383 c t r ’r; I I"
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A Simplified model of movi
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PROCEDURE OF COMPUTATION A.3. PROCE
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EXPERIMENTAL 39 1 TABLE A1 THEORETI
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DISCUSSION E I I Fig.A2. Graphical
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Appendix B Diameter of the narrow-b
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Appendix C Literature 1897-1966 F.
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LITERATURE 399 B.P. Konstantinov an
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LITERATURE 401 1971 L. Arlinger, Is
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LITERATURE 403 1973 L. Arlinger and
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LITERATURE 405 A. Chrambach and J.S
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LITERATURE 407 M. Coxon and M.J. Bi
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Symbols and abbreviations SYMBOLS A
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS SUPERSCRI
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Subject index A Absorption meter, U
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SUBJECT INDEX 41 5 Detection limit
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SUBJECT INDEX 41 7 --_ , separation
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