Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son ... - Historia Antigua

NOTES TO PAGES 22–23 241
54. Von Graeve 1973: fi gs. 19–22.
55. Andronicos 1984 argued that Tomb II was that of Philip II, erected
by Alexander. This is not the place to discuss the question: see the last
overviews by Landucci 2003a: 44–56, and Borza, Palagia 2007.
56. Errington 1976: 152.
57. See Richter 1965: fi gs. 976–1013 for the whole series of Aristotle’s
busts and Zanker 1996: 67–77, fi g. 41, who concludes that Plato’s or Aristotle’s
beard was not yet the “philosopher’s beard,” but the normal style
worn by all citizen men.
58. Plut. Demetr. 6.1 (contrast Phil. 6.7), a passage overlooked by
Hölscher 1973: 189–90 and Billows 1990: 8, who maintain that in
the long battle scene of the Alexander Sarcophagus the Macedonian
horseman on the right is Antigonus. Contra, Kabus-Preisshofen
1989: 105.
59. Palagia 2005 : 292. See the whole scene from Agios Athanasios in
Brécoulaki 2006: pl. 56.1. Cf. too Borza, Palagia 2007: 101 and fi g. 11.
60. Augustus had himself depicted clean-shaven, unlike the defeated
Antony (Zanker 1990: 33–77), and his style endured among his successors.
Later, when Hadrian became the princeps and decided to retain his
earlier beard as a sort of cultural message, his new hairstyle was immediately
adopted as the norm throughout the empire by men young and old:
cf. Zanker 1996: 218. This mimetic behavior was basically due to the
centralized character of Roman civilization, with the Urbs and the emperor
playing the role of canonical references, as Alföldy (1986: 334–77)
and Zanker (1990) have masterly explained.
61. We have from Athens bearded faces of Greek leaders, c. 330–275:
see Smith 1993 and Zanker 1996: 63–66, 83–89, fi gs. 36–37, 48–50, with
busts of Miltiades, Periander, Demosthenes, and Olympiodorus, as well
as Spartan kings such as Archidamus III and Nabis (Richter 1965: fi gs.
888–89, 1760; Kraay, Hirmer 1966: fi g. 522). I fully agree with Palagia
2005: 292 that beardlessness may not have been as widespread in Athens
and in other parts of mainland Greece as among the Successors. See also
the critical remarks of Smith 1999: 453–54.
62. Cf. Stewart 1993: 278, with the previous bibliography.
63. Gonatas honored Pan as the true architect of his victory over the Celts
in 277 and he struck silver coins bearing a Macedonian shield with the
god’s head in its centre on the obverse (see e.g., Richter 1965: fi gure 1745).
Some issues equip Pan with a diadem, while on others the legend “of king
Antigonus” is repeated on the obverse. Possibly, then, his Pan’s head is
intended to be a crypto-portrait of the king himself, casting the Antigonid
as the protector of Macedonia against the country’s invaders: cf. Stewart
1993: 287. Furthermore, note that although Pan was normally represented
in Greek coins and Hellenistic sculpture as a bearded divinity, this
presumed Gonatas-Pan appears clean-shaven. In this occasion the mon-