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40 RECOMMENDATIONS 2.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION The recommendations for mitigation have been divided into the following sections: 1. Emergency and Contingency Planning: ◦ Oil Spill Contingency Planning; and ◦ Emergency Response Planning. 2. Emergency and Contingency Response System and Equipment: ◦ Fixed Fire Water and Foam Systems; ◦ Portable and Mobile Firefighting Equipment; ◦ Emergency Shutdown Systems; and ◦ Oil spill equipment. 2.4.1 Emergency and Contingency Planning 2.4.1.1 Oil Spill Contingency Planning RECOMMENDATION Member Countries should determine minimum standards for oil spill contingency plans at ports and terminals, which should be submitted to relevant line agencies where required. Challenge Oil spill response plans of some terminals are insufficient. There are currently very limited national or regional spill response plans for the Mekong River and no membership of any large industry-funded Tier 3 response cooperatives. Oil spills can cause operational disruptions, personal injury and socio-economic and environmental impacts of varying degrees of severity. The consequences of these spills are directly associated with the characteristics and quantities of product involved, with the individual features and sensitivities of the environments affected and/or threatened. Oil released into the environment is exposed to natural weathering, spreading, evaporating, dispersing, sedimentation and emulsification. In addition, the image of companies involved in oil spill incidents is adversely affected. Oil pollution incidents can generate financial losses for publicly-listed companies in addition to fines and cost of emergency response actions. They can also have legal implications for the polluters, by virtue of the existence of legislation in each country regulating this issue. In the event of an oil spill, the most important factor is time. A rapid and timely response will reduce the extent of a spill and damage to the environment. The faster the response actions can be implemented, the lower the potential damage to the surrounding areas. The speed and the quality of the response depends principally on the degree of preparedness. A well-prepared oil spill response plan and a properly trained oil spill response team are the main keys to a successful response. Under an internationally-adopted system, oil spill incidents are categorised into three tiers. Each tier is defined by the scale of response required and whether it would come from local, regional or national/international resources. Hence the tiers are not related to spill volume as different oils in different locations may require different responses. The categorised tiers are divided as follows:
Tier 1 PORTS AND TERMINALS 41 • Small operational spills that are within the response capability and resources of an individual port or terminal where the spill occurs. These spills require immediate response with local personnel and equipment. Spills that impact or threaten to impact within the jurisdiction of an individual country; • The individual terminal owner/operator or port administrations should develop, implement and maintain the oil spill response plan; and • Examples: rupture of oil transfer hoses, valve leakage, pump leakage. Tier 2 • Medium spills that are within the response capability and resources of the port or local authority where the spill occurs. These spills cannot be handled by the terminal operator/ owner alone. Personnel will be required from other port users or from a local contractor. Spills that impact or threaten to impact within the jurisdiction of an individual country. These spills are covered by National Contingency plan; • The port authority is responsible for developing, implementing and maintaining an oil spill response plan for the port; and • Examples: pipeline failure, shipping accidents in port with a limited release. Tier 3 • Large spills that are of a magnitude and/or severity that is beyond the response capability and resources of a port where the spill occurs. National and/or international assistance is required and resources need to be mobilized. Personnel and equipment may be required from an international Tier 3 base. Spills that impact or threaten to impact within the jurisdiction of more than one country; • A Tier 3 incident is beyond the capability of both local and regional resources. This is an incident that requires national assistance through the implementation of the National Contingency Plan and will be subject to government control; and • Examples: Tank structure failure, failure of a tankers hull integrity following a total release of cargo and bunkers in port. For Tier 3 spills, the oil industry has established cooperative response organisations on a regional basis throughout the world to provide equipment and specialist manpower to reinforce local capabilities in responding to the largest spills. Examples of these Tier 3 response centres are Oil Spill Response (OSR) and Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ). Allocation of an oil spill to a particular tier can only be done when an oil spill actually occurs. The national responsible authority of the country should make an assessment of the spill and determine its tier. Statistics have shown that most spills are Tier 1 spills. The figure below illustrates that the size of the spill and its proximity to the operations influence the spill category.
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2 3 5.1 CARRIAGE, HANDLING AND STOR
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Key MRC staff, memb
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CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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CONTENTS III 3.3.3.2 Safety Managem
Page 9 and 10: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADN Acco
Page 11 and 12: ILO International Labor Organisatio
Page 13 and 14: PPE Personal Protective Equipment P
Page 15 and 16: DEFINITIONS Administration: means t
Page 17 and 18: DEFINITIONS XIII Loading arm: an ar
Page 19 and 20: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS (
Page 21 and 22: 1. FROM RISK ANALYSIS TO RECOMMENDA
Page 23 and 24: FROM RISK ANALYSIS TO RECOMMENDATIO
Page 25 and 26: FROM RISK ANALYSIS TO RECOMMENDATIO
Page 27 and 28: 1.3.3 Enforcement and Compliance FR
Page 29 and 30: 2. PORTS AND TERMINALS 2.1 INTRODUC
Page 31 and 32: HAZARD HOT WORK RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
Page 33 and 34: 2.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREVENTION
Page 35 and 36: PORTS AND TERMINALS 15 The ISPS Cod
Page 37 and 38: ACTIONS Technical and Management PO
Page 39 and 40: PORTS AND TERMINALS 19 • OISD-STD
Page 41 and 42: ACTIONS Technical and Management (c
Page 45 and 46: PORTS AND TERMINALS 25 Fire and gas
Page 51 and 52: References ILO Code of Practice on
Page 53 and 54: For the segregation table the follo
Page 55 and 56: 2.3.4.3 Monitoring and Control of D
Page 57 and 58: References International Safety Gui
Page 59: 2.3.4.6 Drug and Alcohol Policy REC
Page 63 and 64: PORTS AND TERMINALS 43 • Planning
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Page 67 and 68: Technical and Management (continued
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Page 77 and 78: 3. VESSELS 3.1 INTRODUCTION RECOMME
Page 79 and 80: VESSELS 59 Priority levels are base
Page 81 and 82: References VESSELS 61 • ADN (Euro
Page 83 and 84: VESSELS 63 collisions. If a VTS sys
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Page 87 and 88: Drip Trays VESSELS 67 Suitable drip
Page 91 and 92: Institutional and Capacity Building
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VESSELS 91 including the kind of PP
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guidelines are given as these are s
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References • IMO Resolution MSC.2
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Institutional and Capacity Building
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VESSELS 99 oil pollution incident h
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ACTIONS Institutional and Capacity
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104 RECOMMENDATIONS d. Navigation,
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106 RECOMMENDATIONS Table 5: Summar
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108 RECOMMENDATIONS 4.3.2 Minimum S
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110 RECOMMENDATIONS tool that would
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112 RECOMMENDATIONS 4.3.8 Establish
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114 RECOMMENDATIONS Ship's skipper
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116 RECOMMENDATIONS
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118 RECOMMENDATIONS • ILO Code of
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120 RECOMMENDATIONS Due to the lack
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122 RECOMMENDATIONS With regard to
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124 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.3.7 Examine M
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126 RECOMMENDATIONS to enact or imp
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128 RECOMMENDATIONS • Elevated le
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130 RECOMMENDATIONS There is no sin
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132 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.3.6 Environme
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134 RECOMMENDATIONS that some oily
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136 RECOMMENDATIONS The recommendat
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138 RECOMMENDATIONS Figure 20: The
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2 3 5.1 Office of the Secretariat i
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