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article in International Studio magazine caricatured the difference<br />
between the German/Viennese developments and those of the French<br />
claiming that, ‘the German and Austrian work [is] the result of intellectual<br />
activity, and the French work [is] instinctive, intuitive.’ 25 From the<br />
early years of the century the ensembliers had been developing an<br />
approach towards the modern interior which was rooted in the eighteenth<br />
century, and which had sought to bring the benefits of the past<br />
into the present. Moving away from the ambitions of the Art Nouveau<br />
designers to break completely from the past, André Mare, Francis<br />
Jourdain, Emile-Jacques Ruhlmann, André Groult, Maurice Dufrêne,<br />
Leon Jallot, Louis Sue and others, inspired by the progressive designs<br />
they had seen at the German exhibition at the 1910 Salon d’Autumne,<br />
had begun to develop a more holistic approach to the decoration of the<br />
interior, with an emphasis on the ‘ensemble’, and to combine the Empire<br />
style with French provincial references. As Katharine Kahle pointed out<br />
two decades later, ‘the decorators began to make drawings of complete<br />
interiors and the architect was forced into second place.’ 26 <strong>The</strong> ensembliers<br />
developed a soft, decorative, feminine, brightly coloured interior<br />
aesthetic which was at its best in small spaces such as studies, small salons,<br />
boudoirs and bedrooms. In that respect Art Nouveau’s commitment to<br />
modernity, privacy and interiority was sustained. 27 Like the Art Nouveau<br />
protagonists as well, however, the French ensembliers aligned themselves<br />
enthusiastically with the commercial sector, several of them joining forces,<br />
as we have already seen, with the new department stores. In addition<br />
Ruhlmann, Louis Sue and André Mare formed La Compagnie des Arts<br />
Français, Joubert and Petit formed dim (Décoration d’Intérieures<br />
<strong>Modern</strong>es) and Robert Block established the Studio Athelia.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Exposition of 1925 had been anticipated for many years but it<br />
was postponed because of the advent of the First World War. When it<br />
finally happened it showcased the achievements of the ensembliers,<br />
signalled their pre-eminence to the rest of the world, and made a clear<br />
statement about France’s commitment to a luxurious, craft-based, highly<br />
eclectic, but eminently modern approach to the interior. It received mixed<br />
reviews, however. Looking back from 1939 Emily Genauer recalled it as a<br />
moment when ‘decoration was at last unloosed from the bands of period<br />
slavery’, whereas a decade earlier Dorothy Todd and Raymond Mortimer,<br />
in search of a ‘satisfactory modern idiom of ornament’ had found it<br />
‘as brilliant, as noisy and as disconcerting as a parrot show’. 28 In Paris<br />
the decorators found an outlet for their new aesthetic which combined 101