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over from the department store for the most part, offering, through their<br />
more nuanced and complex ‘inside’ spaces, an even more ambiguous<br />
retail experience than their predecessors.<br />
Although the direct purchasing of objects for the interior did not<br />
usually take place at exhibitions on a significant scale, they played a crucial<br />
role, nonetheless, in the development of the representation of the<br />
mass-consumed interior in the public sphere. 23 Walter Benjamin<br />
described the world exhibitions as ‘places of pilgrimage to the commodity<br />
fetish’ intended ‘to entertain the working classes’. 24 It wasn’t until the<br />
last decades of the nineteenth century that complete (or at least two- or<br />
three-sided) ‘room sets’ were exhibited in those settings. Prior to that isolated<br />
items of furniture had been displayed either in elaborate cabinets or<br />
in roped-off areas. At Philadephia’s Centennial Exhibition of 1876, for<br />
example, finely carved wooden display cases containing free-standing<br />
items of furniture had stood looking rather lost under the vast iron<br />
trusses and plate glass of that vast exhibition hall. 25 Full-scale models of<br />
workers’ houses had been shown at the 1867 exhibition in Paris, but the<br />
emphasis at that time had still been upon their exteriors rather than their<br />
interiors. 26 <strong>The</strong> Austrian critic Jacob von Falke, the author of the first<br />
German language book on interior design, Art in the House (1871), was<br />
among the first designers in Germany or Austria to create a complete<br />
‘ensemble’ interior display in an exhibition. 27 By 1880 it had become a<br />
fairly common strategy used by curators in applied arts museums and by<br />
designers at trade fairs. A William Morris exhibit at <strong>The</strong> Foreign Fair of<br />
1883–4, for example, held in Boston’s Mechanics Hall, was divided into six<br />
compartments, or rooms. A pamphlet describing the display cautioned<br />
that ‘the rooms must not . . . be taken to represent the rooms of a<br />
dwelling, nor is the ordinary decoration of a house attempted. Morris<br />
and Company are exhibiting here as manufacturers only, and the arrangement<br />
of goods is that which seemed best for showing them in the ways<br />
most accordant to their actual use.’ 28 That caveat could have been applied<br />
equally well to all the exhibition room sets that came after it.<br />
By the time of the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900, room sets<br />
were being extensively used. That exhibition set out to celebrate modern<br />
art, industry and commerce and for all the exhibiting countries the integrated<br />
interior represented a level of achievement in all of those three<br />
areas. It also demonstrated the degree of progressiveness, or modernity,<br />
embraced by the countries in question. Examples of exhibited interiors<br />
at Paris 1900 included those designed by German exhibitors, Richard 65