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Benjamin described them as ‘a city, a world in miniature’, emphasizing<br />
their strong relationship with the ‘outside’. 8 He also saw them as the ‘forerunners<br />
of department stores’. 9 Top lighting, which had also transformed<br />
the Grande Galerie in the Louvre Museum, was widely used. 10 Gas lighting<br />
was introduced into the arcades in the early nineteenth century. 11<br />
<strong>The</strong> Parisian arcades, and others which appeared subsequently in<br />
cities such as Brussels, Berlin, Naples and Milan, established a new<br />
type of commercial interior space made possible by new materials and<br />
building technologies. <strong>The</strong> combination of materials used proved to be<br />
eminently transferable to other commercial spaces created at that time to<br />
provide shoppers with a sense of freedom from the claustrophobia of<br />
home and protection from the elements. In the first half of the nineteenth<br />
century iron and glass had most frequently been employed in the<br />
construction of greenhouses, which had required the maximum amount<br />
of light to enter into them. It is not surprising, therefore, that the first<br />
international exhibition, held in London in 1851, was mounted within a<br />
giant greenhouse. <strong>The</strong> Great Exhibition of the Works of All Nations, held<br />
in London’s Hyde Park, has been widely heralded as the first of the<br />
modern exhibitions. Its interior spaces provided a third of the British<br />
population with an opportunity for an encounter with modernity. Joseph<br />
Paxton’s dramatic iron and glass building was modelled on the concept<br />
of a greenhouse and, in sharp contrast to the middle-class domestic parlour<br />
which sought to exclude the outside world, aimed to bring in as<br />
much light as possible. <strong>The</strong> interior view of the ‘Crystal Palace’ (shown<br />
overleaf) depicts the opening of the Great Exhibition with two heralds<br />
awaiting the arrival of Queen Victoria. <strong>The</strong> trees that were left on site are<br />
in full view. That same strategy was to be emulated later by the Swiss<br />
modernist architect, Le Corbusier, in his Pavillon de L’Esprit Nouveau,<br />
exhibited at the 1925 Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs<br />
<strong>Modern</strong>es et Industriels (see illus. on p. 141). <strong>The</strong> transparency of the Hyde<br />
Park building, created by the extensive use of glass, and the feeling of<br />
openness made possible by the use of iron as a structural material, are<br />
also visible. <strong>The</strong> building was little more than a shelter, albeit one executed<br />
on a monumental scale. Visitors to its expansive inner space must<br />
have felt that they were as near to being outside as it was possible to be,<br />
short of actually being so. It was also an experience that allowed them to<br />
become part of the modern world, which was increasingly characterized<br />
by the dominance of the visual experience of goods to be consumed.<br />
Objects could not be purchased at the exhibition, however, but simply 115