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upper middle-class woman, might be read by her daughters, her servants<br />
and friends, then swapped for another through the exchange pages of<br />
the first magazine before being thrown out or sent to a second-hand<br />
bookshop.’ 8 Advertisements for items of furniture and other decorative<br />
domestic objects were the most obvious way in which the housewife was<br />
targeted as a consumer of, and for, the interior. <strong>The</strong>y frequently showed<br />
their ‘subjects’ within interior settings. An advertisement in the March<br />
1914 edition of the American magazine, Ladies’ Home Journal, for example,<br />
which was promoting a brand of floor polish, depicted a housewife<br />
and her maidservant busy polishing while a group of children played<br />
happily on the floor. <strong>The</strong> conventional, cosy, middle-class interior setting<br />
that was represented, complete with its solid wood dining table, piano<br />
and patterned curtains, was intended to make the product seem ‘real’ and<br />
appealing. In an article titled ‘How You Can Furnish a Five-room<br />
Apartment for $300’ the same journal once again focused housewives’<br />
attention on the interior. ‘A careful shopper’, the author suggested, ‘can<br />
furnish her apartment both inexpensively and tastefully’. 9 Colour drawings<br />
and a list of prices were included. Editorials represented a much softer,<br />
and possibly more effective, sell than advertisements. <strong>The</strong> same idea was<br />
also appropriated by advertisers, however, as a Harrods’ advertisement in<br />
a 1920 Ideal Home Exhibition catalogue, headed ‘Harrods Furnish a 6-<br />
Room Flat Complete for £500’, clearly demonstrated. 10 Blurring their<br />
promotional and editorial content, magazines played a role in reinforcing<br />
their readers’ ambiguous identities as readers/home-makers/consumers.<br />
Mail order catalogues provided another means of consuming interiors at<br />
home. In the usa, where greater distances made them more necessary<br />
than in Europe, the Sears, Roebuck and Company and Montgomery<br />
Ward catalogues dominated the field.<br />
Consumers of the interior did not always remain in their homes,<br />
however. From the late nineteenth century onwards, as we have seen,<br />
people (mostly women) came out of the home to buy household goods<br />
to take back into it. A wide range of shopping options for direct purchasing<br />
were on offer – from market stalls, to fixed shops, to chain stores, to<br />
department stores. <strong>The</strong> last, however, were most linked with modernity<br />
in those years and addressed themselves to middle-class female consumers<br />
most directly. Those modern ‘cathedrals’ or ‘palaces’, as they have<br />
been called at different times, played a key role in that context. 11 Much<br />
has been written about the ways in which, in the late nineteenth and<br />
early twentieth centuries, department stores employed varying levels of