You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
168<br />
within it as items of equipment, rather than as providers of comfort and<br />
pleasure. Above all, as we have also seen, Le Corbusier and others aimed<br />
to minimize the role of domesticity in the private dwelling. <strong>The</strong> influence<br />
of ideas emanating from fine art on the interior had the effect, at the<br />
progressive, avant-garde end of the spectrum, of reinforcing that mission<br />
and of eliminating domesticity and the psychological associations that<br />
went with it once and for all. Although in search of classless, gender<br />
neutral (although they were, in effect, heavily masculinized) spaces which<br />
were neither public nor private, a number of architects completely<br />
redefined the modern interior at that time. In the 1920s in its pure form<br />
the models they created were restricted to the exhibition and the world<br />
of the intellectual elite, by the 1930s the popular ‘machine aesthetic’ inter -<br />
ior had been absorbed into what by that time had become a generic<br />
‘modern’ style, widely available in the marketplace.<br />
Prior to the nineteenth century, adding art to the domestic interiors<br />
of the wealthy, or to significant public spaces, had been a relatively straight -<br />
forward process related to the power and status of ruling families and<br />
of the church. By the second half of the nineteenth century the inclusion<br />
of art in the interior was still one of the means of marking one’s level in<br />
society, although by then that opportunity had been extended to the<br />
middle classes. In his seminal 1979 study Distinction: A Social Critique of<br />
the Judgement of Taste the French social theorist Pierre Bourdieu elabor -<br />
ated the role of ‘art’ in the context of modern consumer society demonstrating<br />
how the ownership and display of ‘cultural capital’, that is the<br />
acquisition of knowledge about art and other forms of high culture, and<br />
the demonstration of that acquisition in the context of daily life, whether<br />
through interior decor or the presentation of food on a plate, was one of<br />
the key means by which the middle class distinguished itself from the<br />
class immediately below it. 2 <strong>The</strong> avant-garde artists of the early twentieth<br />
century sought to make artistic practice more self-referential and less<br />
part of everyday life. As a result artistic ‘knowledge’ became more<br />
difficult to acquire and increasingly powerful as a mechanism for achieving<br />
‘distinction’. By the inter-war years that principle had been extended<br />
to architecture, and, by implication, to the interior as well.<br />
A merging of the worlds of fine art and the interior could already<br />
be observed, on a number of different levels, in the last decades of the<br />
nineteenth century. Several artists had involved themselves with the spaces<br />
in which their work was displayed at that time. In 1883, for example,<br />
fifty-one of James McNeill Whistler’s etchings were installed at an exhibi-