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nonetheless – fulfil the same market need as couture clothing and handcrafted<br />
objects.<br />
Alongside the erosion of ‘place’, a result of the corporate standardization<br />
of the interior, the well-documented lack of differentiation<br />
between shopping malls and theme parks is another consequence of the<br />
branded interior. As the appeal of lifestyle dominates everything else<br />
within consumer culture it becomes increasingly hard to differentiate<br />
between the experiences of pleasure and leisure and the act of consumption.<br />
<strong>The</strong>med interiors can be found in both leisure spaces and shopping<br />
malls. SeaWorld in San Diego for example, has been described as a ‘mall<br />
with fish’. Much has been written about Canada’s West Edmonton Mall<br />
in Alberta which, until fairly recently, was the largest mall in the world.<br />
At its centre is an enormous artificial seaside complete with beach and<br />
waves. <strong>The</strong> spectacular nature of that surprising element within a shopping<br />
mall parallels the use of spectacle in early department stores. Its<br />
presence evokes an endless debate about the nature of authenticity and<br />
pushes to an extreme the idea that fantasy is an inherent feature of the<br />
modern interior. Given its long-standing role as a ‘stage set’, this is, perhaps,<br />
not surprising.<br />
Another notable feature of contemporary urban and suburban<br />
life is the merging of spaces and the interiorization that have gone on<br />
within commercial buildings. As a result ever larger conglomerations<br />
of spaces, and of spaces within spaces, have emerged. In Shibuya, one of<br />
Tokyo’s busiest shopping areas, for example, the spaces that house the<br />
railway and subway stations also contain a department store and a large<br />
food court boasting a wide variety of restaurants. <strong>The</strong> travellers/shoppers/<br />
eaters passing through Shibuya can move from one area to another without<br />
ever needing to go ‘outside’. That phenomenon is familiar to many of<br />
us living in the early twenty-first century, experienced in both the shopping<br />
mall and the leisure complex, among other places. Tropical Islands,<br />
a huge covered resort in eastern Germany, contains a rainforest and a<br />
Balinese lagoon inside what was previously a zeppelin hangar, a favourite<br />
structure of the <strong>Modern</strong>ists. <strong>The</strong> mall in Caesar’s Forum in Las Vegas<br />
takes the idea of being ‘outside inside’ to an extreme, providing shoppers<br />
and tourists with an overhead ‘inside’ sky and clouds. That phenomenon,<br />
an example of the ‘hyper-reality’ observed by Jean Baudrillard, has an<br />
obvious relationship with the need to control the weather. 3 In Las Vegas<br />
it provides protection from the scorching summer heat. In the interior of<br />
the Venetian hotel, for example, the narrow streets, bridges, canals and