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the nineteenth century, therefore, all the components of modern interior<br />
decoration were in place and it was understood that the decorated interior<br />
provided its occupants with an expressive frame. While its role was un -<br />
doubt edly at its most intense in the privacy of the home, it was quickly<br />
extended, along with many other values engendered within the context of<br />
domesticity, to work and public leisure environments as well where the<br />
thoughts and feelings of communities of users could be expressed. In the<br />
process the separate spheres were, once again, blurred.<br />
<strong>The</strong> desire to embellish interior spaces has, of course, characterized<br />
the entire history of civilization. For centuries people have applied patterns,<br />
colours, and textures to structural surfaces, and arranged non-fixed<br />
items within their interior spaces. In the modern era, however, decoration<br />
moved from being a communally understood symbol of shared<br />
values – familial, religious, political, national and civic among them – to<br />
have the potential of becoming an expression of individualism. Prior to<br />
industrialization decoration had communicated through sets of visual<br />
languages, or styles, which had expressed fairly consistent messages and<br />
reinforced established social hierarchies. As representations of power and<br />
wealth, shared decorative languages had acted as forms of control, marking<br />
and sustaining fixed social structures. 8 With the high level of social<br />
mobility that came with industrialization, however, interior decoration<br />
gradually moved away from confirming stable social structures to actively<br />
seeking to renew or transform them.<br />
<strong>Interior</strong> decoration was also linked to personal memory and identity.<br />
Walter Benjamin frequently referred to the role of the collector in<br />
that context, while much has been written about the significance of the<br />
collection of artefacts that filled Sigmund Freud’s consulting room in<br />
Vienna. 9 Many of the nineteenth-century design reformers realized that<br />
decoration was an important means of linking people to their environments<br />
and of making them feel ‘at home’ in a modern world which was<br />
characterized by increasing levels of social flux and psychological alienation.<br />
In their search for a link between decoration, tradition and spiritual<br />
values, William Morris, Owen Jones, Christopher Dresser and others, for<br />
example, looked both to the medieval past and to the exotic world of nonwestern<br />
decoration. 10 With the advent of Art Nouveau the emphasis turned<br />
to the world of nature, to, that is, a contemporary source of decoration<br />
that would suit the requirements of the modern age.<br />
Stylistically the Art Nouveau experiment led to two distinct paths<br />
of development for the modern interior. <strong>The</strong> first built on the abstract,