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7 <strong>The</strong> Rational <strong>Interior</strong><br />
Around this time the real gravitational center of living shifts to the office.<br />
Walter Benjamin 1<br />
For many <strong>Modern</strong> Movement architects the interior had become so<br />
inextricably linked with Victorian middle-class domesticity, fashion,<br />
personal expression and mass consumption that they felt compelled to<br />
develop an architecture which minimized its existence. <strong>The</strong>y found an<br />
alternative model, which they believed to be both rational and functional,<br />
in the spaces inside the new public sphere buildings – factories, stores and<br />
exhibition halls among them. <strong>The</strong>y were also inspired by the functional<br />
spaces in new objects of transport, including Pullman train kitchens and<br />
ships’ galleys. 2 Several of them focused on social housing projects and<br />
developed the idea of the ‘minimal dwelling’, but many of their commissions<br />
came from progressive, middle-class clients who wanted a taste of<br />
what was rapidly becoming a new, clutter-free lifestyle.<br />
In spite of the numerous hesitations expressed about it a <strong>Modern</strong><br />
Movement domestic interior inevitably emerged. Unlike its nineteenthcentury<br />
predecessors which had been dominated by materiality, however,<br />
it was primarily spatially defined. Its roots lay in what the <strong>Modern</strong>ists<br />
believed to be the unconscious, utilitarian, ‘engineered’ aesthetic of the<br />
new public sphere interiors and they introduced it into modern residential<br />
spaces in their efforts to address what they saw as the ‘problem’ of<br />
bourgeois domesticity. Rapidly, however, it was recirculated back into the<br />
public arena and applied to a wide range of building types – restaurants,<br />
shops, leisure centres, schools, hospitals and churches among them –<br />
some of which were new and others of which were being ‘modernized’<br />
for the first time. In that new context it became a highly self-conscious<br />
aesthetic which openly declared its alliance with modernity. In effect,<br />
therefore, once it had been reformulated within the <strong>Modern</strong>ist dwelling,<br />
the modern public interior was transformed into a metaphor of and for<br />
itself. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> Movement architect-designers also embraced the idea 129