FINAL REPORT - Stakeholders - Ofcom

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could be considered for revision. It is believed that such a process could benefit from the introduction of AIP to provide incentives to users to purchase new equipment. (see section 8.6.3) Page 20
2 Introduction to Report In these early years of the new millennium and as mobility becomes a progressively more valued commodity, it is clear that the radio spectrum is becoming increasingly important to society: an importance, which embraces both economic and social aspects. It is equally well recognised that the radio spectrum is a limited and finite resource and that the benefits which it affords society can only be realised, to their full potential, if the use of radio spectrum is carefully managed. The management techniques required, to ensure the effective use of the radio spectrum, are a function of the propagation characteristics of the part of the spectrum (band) under consideration, the demand for spectrum in that band and the use or uses to which it is being put. Thus, different management techniques need to be deployed in different bands to ensure that each can be used to its full potential. The demand for radio spectrum is ever increasing as more applications which require the use of spectrum are developed. This demand has been, to a large extent, successfully balanced by increasingly sophisticated spectrum management techniques, as well as improvements in the spectral efficiency of the technologies deployed. However, as radio spectrum is a finite resource, we are approaching the point where traditional spectrum management techniques, even taking into account developments in technology, are no longer able to guarantee access to the spectrum to those services which are requesting it and this in turn is leading, in some bands, to congestion and spectrum shortages. In the UK, it is the role of the Office of Communications (Ofcom) to manage the radio spectrum and with the above in mind, Ofcom has commissioned a study to assess the technical, regulatory and socio-economic constraints and feasibility of implementing more spectrally efficient radio communications techniques within the bands used by the aeronautical and maritime communities. These communities have, up until recently, been considered sacrosanct with respect to their spectrum use due, largely, to the international nature of the communities and thus the difficulties associated with taking significant measures at a national level, and the serious issues concerning the potential impact on safety of life. Professor Martin Cave in his 2002 ‘Review of Radio Spectrum Management’ in the United Kingdom reconsidered these aspects and indicated that a review of the situation for these users should be undertaken. Following an open competitive tender process, a contract (reference number AY4620) was awarded to a team consisting of InterConnect Communications Ltd, Connogue Ltd and Helios Technologies, to carry out the above study. This document is the final report prepared under the study. In support of the review of aeronautical and maritime radiodetermination and radiocommunications issues, a number of important countries were contacted during the study, with a view to collating information concerning their pricing regimes, which might act as a benchmark for future UK policy and strategy in this area. This report documents the authors’ views and recommendations on these matters. 2.1 Background Ofcom has indicated that together with the CAA and MCA, a consideration of how administrative incentive pricing could be implemented for civil radar, including navigational aids needs to be addressed as well as determining suitable time scales for introduction. A starting assumption has been that fixed radionavigation stations may provide greater scope for more efficient spectrum use and possibly better frequency re-use than for mobile operation. The trade off between bandwidth and operational requirements is Page 21
Page 1 and 2: Ofcom Contract AY4620 Assessment of
Page 3 and 4: 3.4.7 Possible New Technologies (in
Page 5 and 6: 6.7.4 Regulatory and Standardisatio
Page 7 and 8: ANNEX 4 List of pertinent ITU Recom
Page 9 and 10: It is against such socio-economic i
Page 11 and 12: There appear to be no clear pattern
Page 13 and 14: General Improvements to the Spectra
Page 15 and 16: Recommendation 3.22: Ofcom should r
Page 17 and 18: internationally for decommissioning
Page 19: � The study should further ascert
Page 23 and 24: maritime radiodetermination and rad
Page 25 and 26: interoperability. These provisions
Page 27 and 28: • Regulation on the interoperabil
Page 29 and 30: new entrants and new technologies w
Page 31 and 32: Foperating MHz B-20dB MHz Foperatin
Page 33 and 34: Foperating MHz B-20dB MHz Foperatin
Page 35 and 36: different types of objects (aircraf
Page 37 and 38: Frequency Amplitude Frequency Ampli
Page 39 and 40: 3.2.2.6 Receivers The receiver syst
Page 41 and 42: Target size (=Radar Cross Section)
Page 43 and 44: the normal requirement for 360 degr
Page 45 and 46: management and planning. They also
Page 47 and 48: 3.2.5.7 Emission Masks The ITU and
Page 49 and 50: • A long term policy to replace m
Page 51 and 52: conditions, the effect of sporadic
Page 53 and 54: signals which populate the range ce
Page 55 and 56: potentially suitable band sharing s
Page 57 and 58: ecommended for future good manageme
Page 59 and 60: possible options which would reduce
Page 61 and 62: It should be noted that a number of
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.3 Technology Description 3.3.3.
Page 65 and 66: amplitudes of each antenna (calcula
Page 67 and 68: separation minima to be achieved du
Page 69 and 70: summary of the most relevant standa
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Co-ordination of PRF (pulse repetit
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Parameter Value Notes Dependencies
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interconnections, plugs, pin layout
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3.3.8.2 UAT The Universal Access Tr
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Figure 3-12 shows the format and co
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Parameter Value Notes Service topol
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Technology Band/Frequency Informati
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the cost to an already saturated ch
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3.4.2.5 ILS VOR/ILS localizers are
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3.4.3 Technology Descriptions EN-RO
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Figure 3-16 - Current (and future -
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only a standard omni-directional VH
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een switched off. L1 and L2 are the
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landing. He must carry either a rad
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3.4.4.2 Loran-C Loran-C is promoted
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Recent studies in the USA have indi
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Airport GNSS Marker Beacon ILS MLS
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The demand for the L-Band GNSS freq
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Airport GNSS Aggregate EPFD limits
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3.4.6.6 L-Band DME EUROCONTROL’s
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3.4.8.5 VHF VOR VORs are predominan
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to aviation. As discussed in sectio
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3.4.11 Conclusions and Recommendati
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Table 3-14: Summary of Developments
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Notes: • The costs are not depend
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Where technology choices do exist f
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The implementation of ADS and up an
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Maritime transport has always been
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adars operating in their vicinity.
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are a concern, however for smaller
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Though the amount of shipping traff
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4.2.2.5 Possible New Technologies (
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4.2.3.9 Possible Overall Spectrum E
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across the complete radar frequency
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4.3.3.8 Possible Overall Spectrum E
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educed frequency allocation would t
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A non harmonised frequency band is
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5 Aeronautical Communications Civil
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Within this band, 121.5 MHz and 123
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5.3.3 Current data link technology
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absolute priority which is required
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Note that HF also carries airline o
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communication services which could,
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The figure below shows the possible
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efficient solution (this relates bo
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5.7.2 VHF Communications Digital Li
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Parameter Value Notes Channel acces
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Parameter Value Notes RF Channels M
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5.8.2.1 Next Generation Satellite S
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As the new satellite service will s
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only power limited, and so the rang
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Parameter Value Notes ATN complianc
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Figure 5-2: Boeing Connexion system
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and incur additional aerodynamic dr
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Encourage move of HF voice to HFDL
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An illustrative example of airborne
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Illustrative value of spectrum calc
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An illustrative calculation of the
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A VDL2 channel will provide 10 time
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Recommendation 5.4: The decommissio
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6 Maritime Communications 6.1 Intro
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following categories are amongst th
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navigational information using narr
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This standard is used around the wo
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No change in this approach is envis
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However the situation would be some
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interest to broadcasters and manufa
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6.4.1 UK Search and Rescue (SAR) at
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6.5.1.5 Summary As MF and HF automa
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• The class of emission, in accor
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• 415-526.5 kHz (primary or co-pr
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The United Kingdom has closed down
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6.6.8 Allocation Sharing issues In
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in an appropriate manner. Last but
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automatic facsimile and data system
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adio-frequency technology with adva
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6.7.9 Socio-Economic Issues The iss
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The further development of GSM and
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or TETRA. Also the integration of G
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• 161.975 and 162.025 ( formerly
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Closer to home the CEPT consultativ
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6.10.3 Operational Requirements The
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for the purposes of distress and ur
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million . A digital or dual mode al
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Inmarsat was the world’s first gl
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carriage requirements for distress
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suppliers of radiocommunications eq
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Authorisations 31 , Article 6 of th
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Increasing convergence between tele
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administrations commit themselves t
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National Regulatory Authority for t
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7.2.3 Public availability of inform
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COUNTRY QUESTION 2.1.1 - National O
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COUNTRY QUESTION 2.1.1 - National O
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Principal Legal Basis (Primary Legi
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7.2.5 Change of Control Rules relat
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FIN Yes Yes No S Yes No No UK No 36
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Among the specific, identifiable co
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and charges. The results for those
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7.2.11 ITU Notification Administrat
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Frequency Management Costs Y A U No
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COUNTRY One-Off Administrative Fees
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Australia Renewal fee £2.69 per as
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COUNTRY Recurring Administrative Fe
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COUNTRY One-Off Spectrum Charges ap
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COUNTRY Recurring Spectrum Charges
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COUNTRY Recurring Spectrum Charges
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limited to vessels registered by th
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potential band sharing services. Im
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Very little use is made of the MF t
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Directive on Marine Equipment, 98/8
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8.6.4 Other AIP Issues In section 7
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ASF Additional Secondary Factor ATC
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ETRA Environment, Transport and Reg
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MF Medium Frequency (300 kHz - 3000
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RTCM Radio Technical Commission for
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ANNEX 2 Mandatory Standards Annex 2
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Band 328.6-335.4 MHz Service Aerona
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Band 1559-1626.5 MHz Service Radion
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Band 5000-5250 MHz Service Aeronaut
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Band 15.4-15.7 GHz Service Aeronaut
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Annex 2-2 Maritime Radiodeterminati
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RTCA MOPS DO 186A - MOPS for airbor
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Annex 2-4 Maritime Communications S
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ETSI STANDARDS DESIGNATION ETSI STA
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Annex 3-2 Maritime Communications E
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MARITIME SATELLITE EQUIPMENT Networ
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ANNEX 4 List of pertinent ITU Recom
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ANNEX 5 Structure of the 4, 6 and 8
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Sub-band structure of the 8 MHz mar
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5.2. receive automatically such inf
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UK Communications Act 2003 (and EC
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Annex 7-3 Aeronautical Communicatio
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Summary of the Functional and Techn
Page 343 and 344:
An economic study to review spectru
Page 345 and 346:
ANNEX 8 Countries in Receipt of Que
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