Composite Materials Research Progress

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110 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S. Sangari et al. impact resistant and damage tolerant structure. Various means of accomplishing this have ranged from elastomeric/thermoplastic minor phases to discrete layers of toughened materials. Nano-modified polymeric matrices are mostly involved in the development trends for matrix polymer materials. Technology for enhancing the interfacial adhesion properties between the reinforcement and matrix for a composite to provide high stress-transfer ability is more critically demanded and the science of the interface is expanding. Fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion is vital for the application of the newly developed advanced reinforcement materials. Effective approaches to improving new and non-traditional treatment methods for better adhesion have just started to receive sufficient attention. Multi-functionality is also an important trend for advanced composites, in particular, utilizing nanotechnology developments in recent years to provide greater opportunities for forcing materials to play a more comprehensive role in the designs of the future. More reliable and low cost manufacturing technology has been pursued by industry and academic researchers and the traditional material forms are being replaced by those which support the growing need for high quality, rapid production rates and lower recurring costs. Major trends include the recognition of the value of resin infusion methods, automated thermoplastic processing which takes advantage of the unique advantages of that material class, and the value of moving away from dependence on the large and expensive autoclaves. Introduction In sectors such as aerospace, wind energy, power transmission, marine, automotive and trucking, composites have been moving into the primary structure of wings, fuselages, chassis, hulls, and towers. In products such as sports goods and equipment, medical equipment, civil infrastructure, and dentistry composites are contributing to a market growth that will soon relegate homogeneous and isotropic materials to a niche category. The word “composite” is becoming synonymous with greater design flexibility and optimized materials utilization, leading to more opportunities for monolithic structural designs, less fasteners and holes, optimization of overall structural element architecture, improved fatigue and corrosion behavior, and high efficiency and maintainability. Composites are also particularly suitable for structural health monitoring systems with the associated advantages of reduced conservatism in designs. As they have evolved over the past several decades, composites now are spreading out and leaving their early material forms and traditional processes, and incorporating new constituents from nano particles to smart additives to hybridizing to capture the best of all technologies. This has led to lean and efficient automated processes that will enable these new developments to be cost-effective in production and performance-enhanced in products that serve us all. Over the past several decades polymeric composites have matured and evolved, sometimes fitfully, but much of the time in a steady development driven by the increasing awareness among industries of the values available from combinations of matrices and fibers. The world of aerospace has been one of the strongest proponents of advanced composites, eventually converging on a combination of carbon fibers and thermosetting materials as the preferred choice for the harsh environment and complex loading of aerostructures. Structural materials applied for airplane structures from metallic materials, to composites and then nanomodified composite materials are being developed, see Fig. 1.
• Mechanical performance enhancements through alloying & heat treatments Isotropic Metal Materials Major Trends in Polymeric Composites Technology 111 Continuing Trend Toward Increasing Capability of Engineering Materials Anisotropic Composite Materials • Fiber orientation optimizing effects on strength & stiffness • Laminate tailoring for coupled deformations • Independent toughness improvements through polymer alloying and controlling phase morphology Figure 1. Materials for airplane structures. Nano-Modified Composite Materials • Broad mechanical property improvements • Flammability and solvent resistance enhancements • Conductivity and CTE tailoring • Inherent color, optical qualities, etc. • Multi-functionality Composites have been applied in various areas including aerospace, automotives, renewable energy structures (e.g. windmill blades as shown in Fig. 2), marines, sports and construction. . The steps for pursuing composite materials with ultra-light weight, super mechanical properties and multi-functionalities have been developing fast, in particular, the nanotechnology speed up and provide revolutionary opportunities for the new trends of composite development, which can be summarized in the Fig. 3. Figure 2. 38-meter European fiber glass windmill blade.
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRE
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Advanc
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viii Lucas P. Durand scale transiti
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x Lucas P. Durand machine. In paral
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Multi-scale Analysis of Fiber-Reinf
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T300 fibers (Soden et al., 1998; Ag
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1 I L = L : r v Multi-scale Analysi
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I E ⎡0 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢0
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Applied macroscopic load Correspond
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡ mE ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ x
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Page 126 and 127: 112 Reinforcement: Advanced materia
Page 128 and 129: 114 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S.
Page 144 and 145: 130 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
Page 154 and 155: 140 Heat Flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g)
Page 158 and 159: 144 Material Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan M
Page 160 and 161: 146 SEM Analysis Yuanxin Zhou, Hass
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Page 166 and 167: 152 ⎧ UU = ⎨ ⎩ ⎧ UD = ⎨
Page 170 and 171: 156 Stress (MPa) 120 80 40 0 Yuanxi
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160 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
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166 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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170 ⎟ ⎞ ⎠ s ⎜ ⎛ ⎝ = a E
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188 A B E (MPa) D 250000 200000 150
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190 D D 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
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204 Conclusion Giangiacomo Minak an
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Research Directions in the Fatigue
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Bending force [N] Research Directio
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Damage Variables in Impact Testing
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F peak [kN] 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 D
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Eletromechanical Field Concentratio
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MV/m. Eletromechanical Field Concen
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276 S.C. Tjong developed in the pas
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278 S.C. Tjong ultrasonic waves gen
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280 S.C. Tjong applications. Goujon
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282 S.C. Tjong nanoparticles were p
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284 S.C. Tjong where DL is lattice
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286 S.C. Tjong stress is temperatur
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288 S.C. Tjong threshold stress res
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290 S.C. Tjong NC Al, and the NC Al
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292 S.C. Tjong (a) (b) Figure 19. T
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294 S.C. Tjong Apart from forming u
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296 S.C. Tjong [29] Saravanan, M.;
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298 braids, 115 broadband, 211 bubb
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300 endothermic, 139 endurance, 32
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302 isostatic pressing, 279, 288 It
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304 piezoelectricity, 261 pitch, 12
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306 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 94,
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