Composite Materials Research Progress

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256 Maria Pia Cavatorta and Davide Salvatore Paolino [32] Belingardi, G, Cavatorta, MP; Paolino, DS. On the rate of growth and extent of the steady damage accumulation phase in repeated impact tests. Composites Science and Technology. Submitted. [33] ASTM D3029. Standard Test Method for Impact Resistance of Rigid Plastic Sheeting or Parts by means of a Tup (Falling Weight). American Society for Testing Materials, 1982. [34] Lopresto, V; Melito, V; Leone, C; Caprino, G. Effect of stitches on the impact behaviour of graphite/epoxy composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2006, 66, 206-214. [35] Ying, Y. Analysis of the impact threshold energy for carbon fiber and fabric reinforced composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1998, 17, 1056-1075. [36] Found, MS; Howard, IC. Single and multiple impact behaviour of a CFRP laminate. Composite Structures, 1995, 32, 159-163. [37] Luo, RK; Green, ER; Morrison, CJ. An approach to evaluate the impact damage initiation and propagation in composite plates. Composites Part B, 2001, 32, 513-520. [38] Supratik Datta; Vamsee Krishna, A; Rao RMVGK. Low Velocity Impact Damage Tolerances Studies on Glass-Epoxy Laminates – Effects of Material, Process and Test Parameters. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2004, 23, 327-345. [39] Jang, BP; Huang, CT; Hsieh, CY; Kowbel W; Jang, BZ. Repeated Impact Failure of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic and Thermoset Composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 1991, 25, 1171-1203. [40] Sutherland, LS; Guedes Soares, C. Effect of laminate thickness and of matrix resin on the impact of low fibre-volume, woven roving E-glass composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2004, 64, 1691-1700. [41] Kawaguchi, T; Nishimura, H; Ito, K; Sorimachi, H; Kuriyama, T; Narisawa, I. Impact fatigue properties of glass fiber- reinforced thermoplastics. Composite Science and Technology, 2004, 64, 1057-1067. [42] Bijoysri Kahn; Rao, RMVGK; Venkataraman, N. Low Velocity Fatigue Studies on Glass Epoxy Composites Laminates with Varied Material and Test Parameters – Effect of Incident energy and Fibre Volume Fraction. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1995, 14, 1150-1159.
In: Composite Materials Research Progress Editor: Lucas P. Durand, pp. 257-273 Chapter 8 ISBN 1-60021-994-2 c○ 2008 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ELECTROMECHANICAL FIELD CONCENTRATIONS AND POLARIZATION SWITCHING BY ELECTRODES IN PIEZOELECTRIC COMPOSITES Yasuhide Shindo and Fumio Narita Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Abstract The electromechanical field concentrations due to electrodes in piezoelectric composites are investigated through numerical and experimental characterization. This work consists of two parts. In the first part, a nonlinear finite element analysis is carried out to discuss the electromechanical fields in rectangular piezoelectric composite actuators with partial electrodes, by introducing models for polarization switching in local areas of the field concentrations. Two criteria based on the work done by electromechanical loads and the internal energy density are used. Strain measurements are also presented for a four layered piezoelectric actuator, and a comparison of the predictions with experimental data is conducted. In the second part, the electromechanical fields in the neighborhood of circular electrodes in piezoelectric disk composites are reported. Nonlinear disk device behavior induced by localized polarization switching is discussed. 1. Introduction Sensor and actuator applications take advantage of the piezoelectric coupling converting electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Piezoelectric ceramics and composites play a significant role as active electronic components in many areas of science and technology, such as smart and MEMS devices. In some actuator applications, high values of stress and electric field arise in the neighborhood of an electrode tip in piezoelectric ceramics [1] and composites [2], and the field concentrations can result in electromechanical degradation [3, 4]. One of the limitations for practical use of piezoelectric ceramics and composites is also their nonlinear behavior, which occurs due to polarization switching and/or domain wall motion at high electromechanical field levels near the electrode tip. In order to optimize the performance of the piezoelectric devices, it is important to
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRE
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Advanc
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viii Lucas P. Durand scale transiti
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x Lucas P. Durand machine. In paral
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Multi-scale Analysis of Fiber-Reinf
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T300 fibers (Soden et al., 1998; Ag
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1 I L = L : r v Multi-scale Analysi
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Applied macroscopic load Correspond
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡ mE ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ x
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and γ 2 γ 0 Optimization of Lamin
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4 x 10 5 4 3 2 1 Compliance (Nmm) 0
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3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Optimization of L
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110 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S.
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112 Reinforcement: Advanced materia
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130 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
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140 Heat Flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g)
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144 Material Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan M
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146 SEM Analysis Yuanxin Zhou, Hass
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150 Governing Equation For the fibe
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152 ⎧ UU = ⎨ ⎩ ⎧ UD = ⎨
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156 Stress (MPa) 120 80 40 0 Yuanxi
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166 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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170 ⎟ ⎞ ⎠ s ⎜ ⎛ ⎝ = a E
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188 A B E (MPa) D 250000 200000 150
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190 D D 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
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204 Conclusion Giangiacomo Minak an
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306 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 94,
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