Composite Materials Research Progress

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114 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S. Sangari et al. In many cases the product is a multifunctional material that has several of the above characteristics and properties in combination. Nanocomposites can improve many kinds of functionalities and typically can result in multi-functionalities. These functionalities include: This can be extremely attractive for engineered applications where costs of testing, evaluations, qualifications and certifications of each new material are high, and sometimes prohibitive. The prospect of a single material for multiple functions can therefore be very compelling, both for engineered performances and the non-recurring costs associated with bringing the material to readiness for the designer. Bulk form: Enhanced functionalities: - electrical - thermal - flame resistant - damping - mechanical … As loose fillers: Nano-fillers + polymers --> Nanocomposites … Nano-fillers: CNTs, CNFs, etc. Spinning fibers: 1D ? 2D sheet/paper Enhanced functionalities: - electrical - thermal - flame resistant - damping - mechanical… + Fiber Combined further: 1D: ropes, yarns, bundles 2D: sheet/paper forms +Matrix +Matrix FRP composites: (Hybrid composites) Enhanced functionalities: - electrical - thermal - flame resistant - damping - mechanical… … Figure 4. Nano-scale materials in different forms for applications in composites. Nano-sized materials as nano-fillers for nanocomposites can be classified into three categories according to the shape: particles (metals, metal compounds, organic and inorganic particles), fibrous materials (nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires), and layered materials
Major Trends in Polymeric <strong>Composite</strong>s Technology 115 (graphene platelets, clay). These nano-fillers have exceptionally high specific surface areas so the overall amount of interfacial area is enormous if the nano-fillers are adequately dispersed within the matrix. This can result in creating various functionalities including mechanical, physical and other classes of properties. The large specific surface areas are highly desirable for stress transfer between the nano-fillers and the matrix, as well as providing increased chemical reactivity and energy levels compared to conventional bulk materials. Almost all nano-scale materials can be used as loose fillers for making nanocomposites. Fibrous nanofillers can be made into yarns/bundles, mats, braids, sheets/papers, which could be used in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Nanocomposites can be applied in various forms such as coatings, films/sheets, spinning fibers, bulk materials as well as matrices for FRP composites due to the nano-fillers’ dramatic capability in enhancing functionalities for the polymer materials. When these nano-fillers or nanocomposites are used in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites they become hybrid composite materials, which may exhibit multifunctional properties as illustrated in Fig. 4. Nanocomposites and hybrid composites with various functionalities have vast applications in structural applications in aircraft, space vehicles and renewable energy assemblies; impact protection systems; thermal management components; fuel cells; electronic devices, sensors, actuators, various functional coatings, electrostatic dissipation (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation protection, lightning strike protection, etc. It has been established that improvements in the properties of nanocomposites are strongly affected by many factors including nano-filler size distribution, shape, aspect ratio, concentration, degree of dispersion, characteristics of the matrix, interactions between the filler and the matrix, and interfaces between the nano-particles themselves. According to the potential functionalities, nano-scale fillers can also be divided into (1) carbon types, such as CNT, carbon nanofibers (CNF, VGCF, or GNF), and graphite nanoplatelets (GNP), and (2) non-carbon types, such as nano-clay, POSS, nano-silica, metal nanoparticles and nano metal oxide particles. Nanocomposites with carbon type nano-fillers are mainly utilized for improvements of damping, mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Nanocomposites with non-carbon type nano-fillers are predominantly used for flame retardency, improved barrier property, creep resistant, tribological properties and to some extent in early works, mechanical property enhancements. Nanocomposites have been undergoing rapid developments and significant progress has been made in the fields of nanocomposites and nanocomposite multi-functionalities over the past few decades. However, there are an abundant amount of questions and challenges left to be solved before taking full advantage of nano-scale fillers for development of stable, highquality nanocomposites. These include types, purity levels and polymer types (thermoset/thermoplastic), structure characteristics, viscosity at room and/or elevated temperature, appropriate treatment methods to be applied to the nano-fillers which will affect the interaction between the nano-fillers and polymer matrix, etc. In order to create a blend with controlled ratios of components and a well-dispersed nano-filler into the polymer matrix effective mixing methods and processing parameters should be understood and applied. Only when a complete understanding of these issues is established will the performance of nanocomposites with desired properties/functionalities be fully realized. Although many researchers have conducted remarkably successful experiments for achieving high performance nanocomposites, and obtained many encouraging empirical
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRE
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Advanc
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viii Lucas P. Durand scale transiti
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x Lucas P. Durand machine. In paral
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Multi-scale Analysis of Fiber-Reinf
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T300 fibers (Soden et al., 1998; Ag
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1 I L = L : r v Multi-scale Analysi
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I E ⎡0 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢0
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Applied macroscopic load Correspond
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡ mE ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ x
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and γ 2 γ 0 Optimization of Lamin
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Page 124 and 125: 110 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S.
Page 126 and 127: 112 Reinforcement: Advanced materia
Page 144 and 145: 130 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
Page 154 and 155: 140 Heat Flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g)
Page 158 and 159: 144 Material Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan M
Page 160 and 161: 146 SEM Analysis Yuanxin Zhou, Hass
Page 164 and 165: 150 Governing Equation For the fibe
Page 166 and 167: 152 ⎧ UU = ⎨ ⎩ ⎧ UD = ⎨
Page 170 and 171: 156 Stress (MPa) 120 80 40 0 Yuanxi
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164 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
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166 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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170 ⎟ ⎞ ⎠ s ⎜ ⎛ ⎝ = a E
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188 A B E (MPa) D 250000 200000 150
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190 D D 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
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204 Conclusion Giangiacomo Minak an
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Research Directions in the Fatigue
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Bending force [N] Research Directio
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Damage Variables in Impact Testing
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F peak [kN] 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 D
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Eletromechanical Field Concentratio
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MV/m. Eletromechanical Field Concen
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276 S.C. Tjong developed in the pas
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278 S.C. Tjong ultrasonic waves gen
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280 S.C. Tjong applications. Goujon
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282 S.C. Tjong nanoparticles were p
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284 S.C. Tjong where DL is lattice
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286 S.C. Tjong stress is temperatur
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288 S.C. Tjong threshold stress res
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290 S.C. Tjong NC Al, and the NC Al
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292 S.C. Tjong (a) (b) Figure 19. T
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294 S.C. Tjong Apart from forming u
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296 S.C. Tjong [29] Saravanan, M.;
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298 braids, 115 broadband, 211 bubb
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300 endothermic, 139 endurance, 32
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302 isostatic pressing, 279, 288 It
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304 piezoelectricity, 261 pitch, 12
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306 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 94,
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Composite Materials Research Progress

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