Composite Materials Research Progress

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126 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S. Sangari et al. composites. Michigan State University has a center for biocomposites with many projects underway on bio composites, green nanocomposites, biodegradeable thermoplastic polymers and soy based bioplastics among others [24]. Short fiber composites: Originally short fibers in composites were very short, basically just additives with aspect ratios only slightly greater than one. Subsequently, the long discontinuous fiber (LDF) composites appeared with fibers either chopped, stretch broken, or otherwise made discontinuous. These LDFs could approach the performance of continuous fiber composites with fiber lengths of 2” to 4” and some degree of alignment. For applications with complex geometry, these materials can offer relief from the limitations of continuous fiber prepregs difficulties in conforming to bends and reentrant shapes. In many cases these materials and processes can replace traditional metals in parts with complex shapes. In aerospace applications the advantages offered in replacing small metal parts and in some cases conventional composites materials and processes are significant and growing [25]. Chopped fibers can also be hybridized with continuous fibers to create an engineered form. Phoenix Composites selectively uses continuous fiber uni-directional and woven reinforcement locally introduced into a parent structure consisting of chopped random fiber reinforcement for a form that is comparable to continuous fiber composites in strength and stiffness but still retaining the geometric flexibility of a chopped fiber process. Chopped fiber composites when combined with thermoplastics can be a very cost-effective process. University of Alabama-Birmingham has produced effective bus seats using Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics (LFT: PP + glass fiber) in a compression molding process. Conclusions (Summary) Polymeric composites technology has been the vehicle of change in key industrial sectors for the past 30 years, growing from fiberglass reinforcement to more sophisticated polymeric fibers and the current champion, the carbon fiber/multi-phase matrix polymer composite materials. As applications have grown both in breadth and scale, new needs and visions have created strong and focused trends, in both materials and processing sciences and technologies, and emerging at an increasing rate. Market-driven pull and science-based push mechanisms have brought us to a richer landscape of increased dimensions and applications unimagined a few decades earlier. The composites community, unlike other industrial technolgies, is not complacent. Although autoclaves and prepreg have served us well, we want to get rid of them and process in a more optimized way with resin infusion and leaner manufacturing. While the current materials have enabled entire airplanes to be made of composite materials, we want those materials to now serve multiple functions, behave with intelligence, be greener, and are exploring the huge benefits of very small matters in the world of nanotechnology. Conventional materials such as thermoplastics take on a new life as vastly more efficient and focused processing methods are developed, and combining conventional materials in unconventional and novel ways is opening new possibilities. The compositeer has much to feel satisfied about but there is much to challenge them in the future.
Acknowledgements Major Trends in Polymeric Composites Technology 127 Dr. Zhong acknowledges the support from NASA through grant NNM04AA62G and from NSF through NIRT Grant 0506531. References [1] Delmonte, J.; Technology of Carbon and Graphitic Composites; Van Nostrand Reinholdt Co., 1980. [2] Subramanian, R. V.; Jukubowski J. J. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1978, 18, 590-600. [3] Broutman, L. J.; Agarwal, B. D. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1974, 14, 581-588. [4] William Jr, J. H.; Kousiounelos, P. N. Fibre. Sci. Tech. 1978, 11, 83-88. [5] Peiffer, D. G. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1979, 24, 1451-1455. [6] Arridge, R. G. C. Polym. Eng. Sci, 1975, 15, 757-760. [7] Chen, J. S.; Lau, S. P.; Sun, Z.; Tay, B.K.; Yu, G. Q.; Zhu, F. Y.; Zhu, D. Z.; Xu, H. J. Surf. Coat. Tech. 2001, 138, 33-38. [8] Kostov, K. G.; Ueda, M.; Tan, I. H.; Leite, N. F.; Beleto, A. F.; Gomes, G. F. Surf. Coat. Tech. 2004, 186, 287-290. [9] Ujvari, T.; Toth, A.; Bertoti, I.; Nagy, P. M.; Juhasz, A. Solid State Ionics, 2001, 141- 142, 225-229. [10] Torrisi, L.; Gammino, S; Mezzasalma, A. M.; Visco, A. M.; Badziak, J.; Parys, P.; Wolowski, J.; Woryna, E.; Krasa, J.; Laska, L.; Pfeifer, M.; Rohlena, K.; Boody; F. P. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2004, 227, 164-174. [11] Cohen, Y.; Rein, D. M.; Vaykhansky, L. E.; Porter, R. S. Composites Part A.1999, 30, 19-25. [12] Netravali, A. N. Fiber/resin interface modifiction techniques: A case study of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, 50 th Intl. SAMPE, Long Beach, CA, 2005. [13] Nguyen, H. X.; Riahi, G.; Wood, G.; Poursartip, A. in 33 rd Intl. SAMPE Symp., Anaheim, CA, 1988. [14] Hicks, R. F.; Babayan, S. E.; Penelon, J.; Truong, Q.; Cheng, S. F.; Le, V. V.; Ghilarducci, J.; Hsieh, A.; Deitzel, J. M.; Gillespie, J. W. Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Polyetheretherketone Composites for Improved Adhesion, SAMPE Fall Technical Conference Proceedings: Global Advances in Materials and Process Engineering, Dallas, TX, 2006; lCD-ROM, pp 9. [15] Neema, S.; Salehi-Khojin, A.; Zhamu, A.; Zhong, W. H.; Jana, S.; Gan,Y. X. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2006, 299, 332-341, [16] Jana, S.; Zhamu, A.; Zhong, W. H.; Gan,Y. X. J. Adhesion. 2006, 82, 1157-1175. [17] Salehi-Khojin, A.; Stone, J. J.; Zhong, W. H. J. Compos. Mater. 2007, 41, 1163-1176,. [18] Zhamu, A.; Wingert, M.; Jana, S.; Zhong, W. H.; Stone, J. J. Composites Part A. 2007, 38, 699-709. [19] Zhamu, A.; Zhong, W. H.; Stone, J. J. Compos. Sci. Tech. 2006, 66, 2736-2742. [20] Donnet, J. B.; Bansal, R. C. Carbon Fibers; 2 nd Edition; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, 1990. [21] Figueiredo, J. L. et al. Carbon Fibers, Filaments and Composites; Kluwer Academics Publishers: Netherlands, 1990.
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRE
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Advanc
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viii Lucas P. Durand scale transiti
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x Lucas P. Durand machine. In paral
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Multi-scale Analysis of Fiber-Reinf
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T300 fibers (Soden et al., 1998; Ag
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1 I L = L : r v Multi-scale Analysi
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I E ⎡0 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢0
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Applied macroscopic load Correspond
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡ mE ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ x
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and γ 2 γ 0 Optimization of Lamin
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Page 124 and 125: 110 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S.
Page 126 and 127: 112 Reinforcement: Advanced materia
Page 144 and 145: 130 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
Page 154 and 155: 140 Heat Flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g)
Page 158 and 159: 144 Material Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan M
Page 160 and 161: 146 SEM Analysis Yuanxin Zhou, Hass
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Page 166 and 167: 152 ⎧ UU = ⎨ ⎩ ⎧ UD = ⎨
Page 170 and 171: 156 Stress (MPa) 120 80 40 0 Yuanxi
Page 180 and 181: 166 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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176 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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188 A B E (MPa) D 250000 200000 150
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190 D D 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
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204 Conclusion Giangiacomo Minak an
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Research Directions in the Fatigue
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Bending force [N] Research Directio
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Damage Variables in Impact Testing
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F peak [kN] 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 D
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Eletromechanical Field Concentratio
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MV/m. Eletromechanical Field Concen
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276 S.C. Tjong developed in the pas
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278 S.C. Tjong ultrasonic waves gen
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280 S.C. Tjong applications. Goujon
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282 S.C. Tjong nanoparticles were p
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284 S.C. Tjong where DL is lattice
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286 S.C. Tjong stress is temperatur
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288 S.C. Tjong threshold stress res
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290 S.C. Tjong NC Al, and the NC Al
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292 S.C. Tjong (a) (b) Figure 19. T
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294 S.C. Tjong Apart from forming u
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296 S.C. Tjong [29] Saravanan, M.;
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298 braids, 115 broadband, 211 bubb
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300 endothermic, 139 endurance, 32
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302 isostatic pressing, 279, 288 It
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304 piezoelectricity, 261 pitch, 12
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306 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 94,
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