Composite Materials Research Progress

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212 The advantages are numerous: W. Van Paepegem, I. De Baere, E. Lamkanfi et al. Figure 2. Measurement principle of the optical fibre sensor. • the measurement is absolute and does not drift in time, • fibre optic sensors are rugged passive components resulting in a high lifetime (>20 years) and are insensitive to electromagnetic interference, • the fibre Bragg grating forms an intrinsic part of the optical fibre and has very small dimensions which makes it very suitable for embedding in composite plates, • many fibre Bragg gratings can be multiplexed employing only one optical line so more sensing points can be read out at the same time. Doyle et al. [9] experimented on the use of fibre optic sensors for tracking the cure reaction of a fibre reinforced epoxy, with success. They also successfully demonstrated the feasibility of these sensors for monitoring the stiffness reduction due to fatigue damage, for thermosetting matrix. De Baere et al. [10,11] have shown that the optical fibre sensors also survive the production process for carbon fabric thermoplastics (both autoclave and compression moulding) and that the correspondence between the axial strain measurements from the extensometer and the optical fibre sensor were identical in tension-tension fatigue tests (see Figure 3). That means that the adhesion of the embedded optical fibre sensor to the surrounding thermoplastic material is very good. The accumulation of permanent strain is another important phenomenon to monitor. Especially in composites with large residual stresses built up during manufacturing, the relief of thermal stresses due to fatigue cracking can result in accumulation of permanent strain. There again, optical fibre sensors are very sensitive sensors to measure these permanent strains. Figure 4 shows the stress-strain curves of intermediate static tensile tests during a tension-tension fatigue test on a carbon thermoplastic. The accumulation of permanent strain can be clearly seen.
<strong>Research</strong> Directions in the Fatigue Testing of Polymer <strong>Composite</strong>s 213 Figure 3. Comparison of the longitudinal strain ε xx measurement from the optical fibre and the extensometer in a tension-tension fatigue test of a carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastic [11]. Figure 4. Intermediate static tests in a tension-tension fatigue experiment of a carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastic [11]. Resistance measurement is a well-established damage detection technique for unidirectional carbon composites [12]. For a long time, there has been disagreement between researchers whether the resistance should increase or decrease when local fibre fractures occur [13-15]. In a recent series of articles, it has been clearly demonstrated that the resistance must increase with increasing damage to the fibre yarns, but a lot of researchers observe a decrease of resistance, due to bad contact of the electrodes.
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRE
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Advanc
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viii Lucas P. Durand scale transiti
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x Lucas P. Durand machine. In paral
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Multi-scale Analysis of Fiber-Reinf
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T300 fibers (Soden et al., 1998; Ag
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1 I L = L : r v Multi-scale Analysi
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I E ⎡0 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢0
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Applied macroscopic load Correspond
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡ mE ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ x
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and γ 2 γ 0 Optimization of Lamin
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4 x 10 5 4 3 2 1 Compliance (Nmm) 0
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3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Optimization of L
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110 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S.
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112 Reinforcement: Advanced materia
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130 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
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140 Heat Flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g)
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144 Material Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan M
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146 SEM Analysis Yuanxin Zhou, Hass
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150 Governing Equation For the fibe
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152 ⎧ UU = ⎨ ⎩ ⎧ UD = ⎨
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156 Stress (MPa) 120 80 40 0 Yuanxi
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Page 176 and 177: 162 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
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Page 180 and 181: 166 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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Page 202 and 203: 188 A B E (MPa) D 250000 200000 150
Page 204 and 205: 190 D D 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
Page 218 and 219: 204 Conclusion Giangiacomo Minak an
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Page 225: Research Directions in the Fatigue
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Eletromechanical Field Concentratio
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MV/m. Eletromechanical Field Concen
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276 S.C. Tjong developed in the pas
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278 S.C. Tjong ultrasonic waves gen
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280 S.C. Tjong applications. Goujon
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282 S.C. Tjong nanoparticles were p
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284 S.C. Tjong where DL is lattice
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286 S.C. Tjong stress is temperatur
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288 S.C. Tjong threshold stress res
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290 S.C. Tjong NC Al, and the NC Al
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292 S.C. Tjong (a) (b) Figure 19. T
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294 S.C. Tjong Apart from forming u
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296 S.C. Tjong [29] Saravanan, M.;
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298 braids, 115 broadband, 211 bubb
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300 endothermic, 139 endurance, 32
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302 isostatic pressing, 279, 288 It
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304 piezoelectricity, 261 pitch, 12
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306 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 94,
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Composite Materials Research Progress

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