Composite Materials Research Progress

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190 D D 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zucchelli 0.0 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Strain Figure 18. Damage for QI1 laminate types. 0.0 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 Strain Figure 19. Damage for QI2 laminate types. QI1 QI2
D Damage Evaluation and Residual Strength Prediction of CFRP Laminates … 191 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 Strain Figure 20. Damage for QI3 laminate types. Case study 2: materials and method Eighteen graphite/epoxy composite square laminate plates 250x250 mm 2 were studied. Their thickness was 1.6 mm. They have been made in autoclave from pre-pregs by stacking eight unidirectional plies with quasi-isotropic orientations [0,90,45,-45]s. The specimens were placed in a circular clamping fixture with an internal diameter of 200 mm and they were loaded at the centre: an hemispherical hardened steel ball with a radius of 7 mm was indented in the top centre point of the laminate by means of a servo-hydraulic Instron 8033 testing machine controlled by an MTS Teststar II system and equipped by a 25kN load cell. The specimens were loaded monotonically out-of-plane in control of displacement and the head speed was 0.05 mm/s. The tests were stopped at three different damage levels, one (Low) corresponding to the load value of 2 kN, the second (Medium) corresponding to the first load drop in the loaddisplacement curve and the third (High) to the complete perforation of the plate. During the test, the AE has been monitored by a Physical Acoustic Corporation (PAC) PCI-DSP4 device with four transducers PAC R15 setting up the amplitude threshold at 40 dB. In figure 21a it is possible to see the fixture system equipped with AE piezoelectric sensors and in figure 21b the complete experimental setup. After each quasi-static test, the damaged plate was sliced by a diamond saw to obtain tensile specimens with the same geometry suggested by ASTM D 5766 for open hole testing of CFRP, a width of 40 mm and a length of 250 mm. The indented zone was in the centre of these tensile specimens and the whole damaged zone was included in the specimen width. The damaged zones size was previously identified by means of the localization tool of the AE system as it is shown in figure 22 for the High damage level. QI3
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRE
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Advanc
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viii Lucas P. Durand scale transiti
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x Lucas P. Durand machine. In paral
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Multi-scale Analysis of Fiber-Reinf
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T300 fibers (Soden et al., 1998; Ag
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1 I L = L : r v Multi-scale Analysi
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I E ⎡0 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢0
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Applied macroscopic load Correspond
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡ mE ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ x
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and γ 2 γ 0 Optimization of Lamin
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4 x 10 5 4 3 2 1 Compliance (Nmm) 0
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3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Optimization of L
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110 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S.
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112 Reinforcement: Advanced materia
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130 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
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Page 154 and 155: 140 Heat Flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g)
Page 156 and 157: 142 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
Page 158 and 159: 144 Material Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan M
Page 160 and 161: 146 SEM Analysis Yuanxin Zhou, Hass
Page 164 and 165: 150 Governing Equation For the fibe
Page 166 and 167: 152 ⎧ UU = ⎨ ⎩ ⎧ UD = ⎨
Page 170 and 171: 156 Stress (MPa) 120 80 40 0 Yuanxi
Page 180 and 181: 166 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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Page 202 and 203: 188 A B E (MPa) D 250000 200000 150
Page 218 and 219: 204 Conclusion Giangiacomo Minak an
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Page 225 and 226: Research Directions in the Fatigue
Page 241 and 242: Bending force [N] Research Directio
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Page 253 and 254: Damage Variables in Impact Testing
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Damage Variables in Impact Testing
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F peak [kN] 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 D
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Eletromechanical Field Concentratio
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MV/m. Eletromechanical Field Concen
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276 S.C. Tjong developed in the pas
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278 S.C. Tjong ultrasonic waves gen
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280 S.C. Tjong applications. Goujon
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282 S.C. Tjong nanoparticles were p
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284 S.C. Tjong where DL is lattice
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286 S.C. Tjong stress is temperatur
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288 S.C. Tjong threshold stress res
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290 S.C. Tjong NC Al, and the NC Al
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292 S.C. Tjong (a) (b) Figure 19. T
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294 S.C. Tjong Apart from forming u
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296 S.C. Tjong [29] Saravanan, M.;
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298 braids, 115 broadband, 211 bubb
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300 endothermic, 139 endurance, 32
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302 isostatic pressing, 279, 288 It
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304 piezoelectricity, 261 pitch, 12
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306 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 94,
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