Composite Materials Research Progress

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254 Maria Pia Cavatorta and Davide Salvatore Paolino energies up to a few impacts before perforation, when data show a rapid increase. Therefore, by looking at the DuI values in the first impacts, no prediction can be made as to whether or not laminate perforation will occur within test duration. In case of repeated impacts, DD data can monitor the efficiency of energy absorption impact after impact. Results show that DD values at the first impact are about the same, regardless of the impact energy. Moreover, regardless of the final output of the test (no perforation/perforation), DD values show an initial slight decrease followed by a rather constant phase. When perforation is to be achieved, DD values start to increase a few impacts before final failure. Acknowledgments The Authors wish to acknowledge valuable discussions with professor Giovanni Belingardi. References [1] Roy, R; Sarkar BK; Bose NR. Impact fatigue of glass fibre-vinylester resin composites. Composites Part A, 2001, 32, 871-876. [2] Zhou, G. Static behaviour and damage of thick composite laminates. Composite Structures, 1996, 36, 13-22. [3] Zhou, G; Davies, GAO. Impact response of thick reinforced polyester laminates. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1995, 3, 357-374. [4] Sutherland, LS; Guedes Soares, C. Effects of laminate thickness and reinforcement type on the impact behaviour of E-glass/polyester laminates. Composites Science and Technology, 1999, 59, 2243-2260. [5] Azouaoui, K; Rechak, S; Azari, Z; Benmedakhene, S; Laksimi, A; Pluvinage, G. Modelling of damage and failure of glass/epoxy composite plates subject to impact fatigue. International Journal of Fatigue, 2001, 23, 877-885. [6] Schoeppner, GA; Abrate, S. Delamination threshold loads for low velocity impact on composite laminates. Composites Part A, 2000, 31, 903-915. [8] Guden, M; Yildirim, U; Hall, IW. Effect of strain rate on the compression behaviour of a woven glass fiber/SC-15 composite. Polymer Testing, 2004, 23, 719-725. [9] Baucom, JN; Zikry, MA. Low-velocity impact damage progression in woven E-glass composite systems. Composites Part A, 2005, 36, 658-664. [10] Ambu, R; Aymerich, F; Ginesu, F; Priolo, P. Assessment of NDT interferometric techniques for impact damage detection in composite laminates. Composites Science and Technology, 2006, 66, 199-205. [11] Okoli, OI. The effect of strain rate and failure modes on the failure energy of fibre reinforced composites. Composite Structures, 2001, 54, 199-303. [12] Belingardi, G; Grasso, F; Vadori, R. Energy absorption and damage degree in impact testing of composite materials. Proceedings XI ICEM (Int. Conf. Experimental Mechanics), Oxford (UK), 1998, 279-285. [13] Belingardi, G; Vadori, R. Low velocity impact tests of laminate glass-fiber-epoxy matrix composite materials plates. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2002, 27, 213-229.
Damage Variables in Impact Testing of Composite Laminates 255 [14] Belingardi, G; Vadori, R. Influence of the laminate thickness in low velocity impact behaviour of composite material plate. Composite Structures, 2003, 61, 27-38. [15] Shyr, TW; Pan YH. Impact resistance and damage characteristics of composite laminates. Composite Structures, 2003, 62, 193-203. [16] Beaumont, PWR; Reiwald, PG; Zweben, C. Methods for improving the impact resistance of composite materials. in Foreign object impact behaviour of composites. ASTM Spec Tech Publ, 1974, 568, 134–58. [17] Liu, D. Characterization of Impact Properties and Damage Process of Glass/Epoxy Composite Laminates. Journal of Composite Materials, 2004, 38, 1425-1442. [18] Liu, D; Raju, BB; Dang, X. Size effects on impact response of composite laminates. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1988, 21, 837-854. [19] Mian, S; Quaresimin, M. A model for the energy absorption capability of composite laminates. Proceedings 8 th ASME Conference on ESDA (Engineering Systems Design and Analysis), Turin (Italy), July 4-7, 2006, Paper Number: 95788. [20] Lee, SM; Zahuta, P. Instrumented impact and static indentation of composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 1991, 25, 204-222. [21] Belingardi, G; Cavatorta, MP; Duella, R. Material characterization of a composite-foam sandwich for the front structure of a high speed train. Composite Structures, 2003, 61, 13-25. [22] Wyrick, DA; Adams, DF. Residual Strength of a Carbon/Epoxy Composite Material Subjected to Repeated Impact. Journal of Composite Materials, 1988, 22, 749-765. [23] Caprino, G; Lopresto, V; Scarponi, C; Briotti, G. Influence of material thickness on the response of carbon-fabric/epoxy panel to low velocity impact. Composites Science and Technology, 1999, 59, 2279-2286. [24] Zhou, G; Davies, GAO. Characterization of thick glass woven roving/polyester laminates: 1. Tension, compression and shear. Composites, 1995, 26, 579-586. [25] Liu, D; Raju, BB; Dang, X. Impact perforation resistance of laminated and assembled composites plates. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2000, 24, 733-746. [26] Harmia, T; Friedrich, K. Mechanical and thermomechanical properties of discontinuous long glass fiber reinforced PA66/PP blends. Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications, 1995, 23, 63-69. [27] Kishore; Kulkarni, SM; Sharathchandra, S. Sunil, D. On the use of an instrumented setup to characterize the impact behaviour of an epoxy system containing varying fly ash content. Polymer Testing, 2002, 21, 763-771. [28] Jang, J; Han, S. Mechanical properties of glass-fibre mat/PMMA functionally gradient composite. Composites Part A, 1999, 30, 1045-1053. [29] Pegoretti, A; Zanolli, A; Migliaresi, C. Flexural and interlaminar mechanical properties of unidirectional liquid cristalline single-polymer composites. Composites Science and Technology, 2006, 66, 1953-1962. [30] Belingardi, G; Cavatorta, MP; Paolino, DS. Comparative Response in Repeated Impact Tests of Hand Lay-up and Vacuum Infusion Glass Reinforced Composites. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2007. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.02.005 [31] Belingardi, G, Cavatorta, MP; Paolino, DS. A new damage index to monitor the range of the penetration process in thick laminates. Composites Science and Technology. In press.
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS RESEARCH PROGRE
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Copyright © 2008 by Nova Science P
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vi Contents Chapter 9 Recent Advanc
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viii Lucas P. Durand scale transiti
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x Lucas P. Durand machine. In paral
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Multi-scale Analysis of Fiber-Reinf
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T300 fibers (Soden et al., 1998; Ag
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1 I L = L : r v Multi-scale Analysi
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I E ⎡0 ⎢ ⎢0 ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢0
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Applied macroscopic load Correspond
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In: Composite Materials Research Pr
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Optimization of Laminated Composite
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⎧σ x ⎫ ⎡ mE ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ x
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and γ 2 γ 0 Optimization of Lamin
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4 x 10 5 4 3 2 1 Compliance (Nmm) 0
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3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Optimization of L
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110 W.H. Zhong, R.G. Maguire, S.S.
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112 Reinforcement: Advanced materia
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130 Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan Mahfuz, Vi
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140 Heat Flow (W/g) Heat Flow (W/g)
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144 Material Yuanxin Zhou, Hassan M
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146 SEM Analysis Yuanxin Zhou, Hass
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150 Governing Equation For the fibe
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152 ⎧ UU = ⎨ ⎩ ⎧ UD = ⎨
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156 Stress (MPa) 120 80 40 0 Yuanxi
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166 Giangiacomo Minak and Andrea Zu
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170 ⎟ ⎞ ⎠ s ⎜ ⎛ ⎝ = a E
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188 A B E (MPa) D 250000 200000 150
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190 D D 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
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Page 225 and 226: Research Directions in the Fatigue
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Page 253 and 254: Damage Variables in Impact Testing
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304 piezoelectricity, 261 pitch, 12
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306 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 84, 94,
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