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Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Baszn Özeti ~ined enormously important.' . , In 1968, when. the Ba'àth Party came to power, the tribalism that had been a characteristic ofIraq since its inception intensified. The Ba'ath Party itself was the purview of one tribe, the Bu Nasir, the tribe of Saddam. It was not uritill991 when Saddam, in the service of survival after the Gulf war, lifted tribalism to the top of the ,political order ..~ the same til;lle, repressive politics and economichardship continued to drive out the old urban elite and much of the urban middle claSs that had risen duripg the oil ~om of the 1970~s., .' In the last decade of his regime, Saddam .remade Iraq into a country govemedby the rural values of the tribes. Operating according, to the values of the tribe, the system sanctioned venge. the age-old principle of re- . . ' .. Saddam meted out revenge on those who defied the system. .They ~t into the re- .gime's tortUre chambers' and rrisons. Tribes visited revenge on the reglme for slights to their honor 'and for punishment of their members by Saddam's security system. The imperative of re~e was no different in ~te 20th-century lraq than it had been for the tribes living for generations on , the land of Iraq. This is a fact that the Bush administration, the. American occupation, au~orities realIze. and the U.S. plilitary , ",. need to' , In giving up on the attempted captUre of the ,Hussein brothers as too risky, the American administration of Iraq has ignored the dictates of Iraqi culture. At the same time, it alsoruns counter to the kind of country we want Iraq to become - 9lle built around the rule of law. Under Saddam's reign, j~tice, to the extent it existed, was consistentlY'pe~vertect . . . lt was erratic, violent and retributive, a tool of Saddam and his Ba.ath Party. By not d0- ing more tQallow Uday and Qpsay Hussein to surrender, the United States lost an opportunity to show Iraqis that those who have committed the most heinous, of crimes ,can still be brought to justice. On trial in Baghdad, the Hussein broth-, ers could have recounted the regime's crimes. Certainly, the effort would have been more' drawn-out than a firefiJdlt - g~ Balkan criminals toThe HagÜe has . ndt I:leeneasy - but the results would have been iDore lasting. . , ,AJi appearÛlce by the brothers would not only have pinned them to their crimes beyond a doubt, it would have also demon- , strated the effectiveness of a sound system of justice. )'he deaths ofUd~ and Q!lsay are being proclaimed as a victory, but it is a temroraiy victory. And the mann~ in which they died is yet another long-term complication for the American occupation of Ira . q. " , The writer is the author most recently of "The Iœc1coning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein. " '-: Clericsayshe'sforming a religious army in Iraq Group would challenge coalition forces The Associated Press International Herald Tribune' Saturday-Sunday, July 26-27, 2003 Sadr has drawn backing among some Iraq of detal1iing four to lIve Shiite cler- ' young Shiites, primarily from the pop- , ics every week and of storming religious ula~ty of his la~ father -14~mmed KUFA,lraq: Stepping up his challenge' schools belonging to the al-Hawza al- Sadlq al-Sadr. ~ calls for stricter adto Iraq's U.S.-led occupiers, an influen- Ilmiyah, the Shiites' ancient seminary in herence to Shana also found resonance tial Shiite Muslim cleric accused coali- An Naja! He said such actions and the among young, poorer Shiites. tion forces ..Friday of cross~ a.ll. the establishment of what he called the U.S.- Inhi sermon, Sadr repeated the attack "red lines" and vowèd that his relIgIous led Iritqi Army constituted crossing "red he issued last week on the Governing army would drive U.S. troops out of the '" . . Council- the majority ofwhose memholy city of An Naja! ' ,lin;s and were unacceptable. bers are Shiites, but are either secular .Sheik Muqtada al-Sadr told SO,O~ • We have only one, demand, an~ ~t or members ofmoderate factions _ and worshippers gathered at the malO, mosque in the holy Shiite city of Kufa ISfor the~ to .~thdraw from ~aq, saId Sadr, ~~o ~ be!leved to b~ 30. TheY!ire spoke of the "siege" of An Najafby U.S. troops. "The siege is an act of terrorsouth of Baghdad that aftèr his "Imam enshrimng ~eIr occura~on b~ creating ,ism," he said. "lt's a sie-.of all Shiites." Army" pus]:les the Americans out of An ~he GovernlOg CouncIl, he saId, ~llud- Responding to what he called the co- Najaf and other Iraqi cities, the men will ~ngto ~e ~-m~mber, U.S.-ba~ked lOter- alition's assertion that troops were acttake charge of defending those cities; 1m adm!mstratloncrea~~ thIS m!l~th. iog on the behest of An Najaf's ,resi- . Speaking after his Friday s~on, Offi~18ls of the CoalItion ProVlSlo~1 dents, he said: "Whoever accepts the Sadr said tens of thousands had cOme Authonty, the. formal name of ~q s occupation is not a Muslim and the land . forward to join the proposed army, but ~.S.-led O~CUplers,~y Sadr has a lim- of Najaf doesn't belong to its resident ' he insistedthat it would not be armed. Ited followlOg and hIS ~upp~rters ~o ~ot alone. It's the capital of all Muslims." for now., represe~~ ~e cou~try s Sh~te maJonty. Relations between U.S. troops and "To start with, we don't' have any They cntlclzed as Ir~esponslble prot~sts residents of An Najafhad been calm unarms" said Sadr, the son of a senior held last .~~ by his followers outSIde tillast week, when Sadr asserted that . cleri~ who was assassinated along with; 'the coalition s. ~dad ~eadqua~ American forces were encircling his • two other sons in 1999. "Tens of thou- .and at a ~.S. mIlItary base ~~An Najaf home in an attempt to artest him. 'sands have volunteered and many of Sp~king on th~ condition .of an- But Lieutenant Colonel Christopher them said they wanted arms. I said, 'No, onymlty, the offi~lals also saId .that Conlin, the commanding officer here, I don't- want you to be armed now.' We the!e were complamts from An NaJaf's described it. as a misunderstanding. shall only use peaceful means." reslden~s. that .Sadr fol!owers were Apache helicopters had circled over- He said among the new army's tasks smugglI~ arms Into the CIty. . head and extra troops were on the would be to stop what he called the so-
Revue de Presse-Press Review-Berhevoka Çapê-Rivista Stampa-Dentro de la Prensa-Baszn Ozeti .' .< Complicated alliànce • By John K. Cooley . Turkey, the U.S.and the Kurds in '.northernlraq . ,ATHENS Vtèe,President Dick Cheney and other senior Bùsh administration offic~ls haVe plenty to disCuss with Turkey's Fo~ign"Minister , Abdullah GuI in Washington this week. The .main subject - a U.S. request to Turkey to send at least 10.000 Turkish peacekeeping troops to Iraq - could crucially affect U.S. relations with its old ally. The United States and Britain sorely need an international peacekeeping foree, with or without UN auspices, to stabilize Iraq. With the dispatch of a few hundred Poles and a token force offered by Spain, Italy an~ some eastern European states, and after refusals from France, Germany and India to send soldiers, the idea of Turkish participation has become more interesting. , Foreign Minister GuI has indicated that Ankara would consider the idea, and Turkey's prime minister, Recep 'Thyyip Erdogan, confirms it 'haS been raised. But Turkey has its own agenda in Iraq, which may clash with America's Kurdish allies. Like Washington, Ankara wants to warm up U.S.- Turkish relations, which were strongly chilled last '.March. The extreme unpopularity of the brewing . U.S.-led war in Iraq then led Turkey to reject U.S. requests to allow over 60,000 U.S.troops to use Turkey as a war base. . Ankara and Washington would also like to put behind them at least two publicly-reported inci- .dents since last March. Some Turkish, Special Forces 'soldiers in Iraq's northern Kurdish region were detained and expelled by U.S. officers who suspected them of planning hostile acts against the Kurds .. ' '.' Turkish troops were originally deployed in'IraC{'s north to monitor a cease-fire between the two malD Kurdish groups and to 'keep an eyeon about 5,000 separatist Kurdish fighters of the outlawed Marxist Kurdistan Workers' Party, now called KADEK.These ' have consolidated and strengthened their old bases in northern Iraq as a result of the security provided by U.S. and British air power against Saddam Hussein's forces during the previous decade, and the rel-. ative stability and prosperity brought by the allied ..0ccupatiC)n SlDceMarch. . ' ' Rebel Kurdish a~cks have recently recUrred inside Turkey. ~ThiS,aild Turlœy's disapproval of the Kurds' seizure of the oil-rich Kirkuk and Mosul regions - where the ethnic Turkish or Thrcoman minority lives alongside KurdS and Arabs - have adde
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INSTITUT URD DE PARIS Bulletin de l
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Sommaire: • IRAK: ATTENTATS ET RE
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n° 220-221 • juillet-aoüt 2003,
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