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toxic. The CO content was reported to raise quickly over 150 ppm
within minutes. More than 1000 ppm will cause death.
The fire quickly spread to the vehicles behind the truck and all
passengers travelling in those 25 vehicles died.
It was believed that the fast growth of the fire was due to the large
fuel load of the truck including:
w 550 litres of diesel in the truck’s fuel tank
w 9 tons of margarine and 12 tons of flour carried by the truck
w The shell of the refrigerated trailer made of a combustible
isothermal foam
Different ventilation regimes between France and Italy sides were
set in the tunnel and most smoke was driven to the France side
(evacuation side). Due to the airflow velocity (1 to 1.5 m/s) smoke
was not stratified filling the whole section of the tunnel.
The fire burned for two days and reached temperatures of 1000°C,
killing 39 people, mainly the drivers trapped in the tunnel during
the fire.
Since tunnel opening in 1965 seventeen additional fires have occur
in the Mont Blanc Tunnel.
Tauern:6.4 km long, Austria, 1999
On 20 of May 1999 HGV collided and a large fire spread through
the Tauern road tunnel in Austria. As a result of the fire 12 people
died, 22 cars and 12 lorries were totally destroyed, and parts of the
tunnel caved in.
Local fire and rescue service brigades attempted to extinguish the
fire in the tunnel at an early stage of the operation, but were not
successful and had instead to break off the operation when the
working conditions became too difficult. They had to concentrate
on taking care of the injured and others effected.
The tunnel has a number of safety systems, but none of these
could do anything to save the people in the tunnel or to extinguish
the fire. The quick spread of the fire and the high fire load of the
stationary vehicles, meant that many people were still in the tunnel,
and also that it was extremely difficult for the fire and rescue service
to attempt to rescue them or to extinguish the fire.
Besides lost of lives this major fire cost 6.5 M$ to repair and 19.5
M$ toll lost.
Three additional fires have been recorded in Tauern Tunnel.
Main lessons learned from these major accidents were:
w Ventilation regimes play a crucial role to prevent fire growth and
to drive smoke into the direction that guarantees evacuation.
w Safety systems consist of a whole system of planned measures
that operate together.
w There are many different possible scenarios in these incidents
and low knowledge on the effect of different parameters
(ventilation, tunnel section size, tunnel length, combustibles, …)
on fire development.
Table 1. UPTUN results
Risk to life
HRR MW
Risk to construction
Road,
examples
vehicles
Rail
examples
vehicles
BİLDİRİLER KİTABI TÜYAK
PROCEEDINGS BOOK 2009
Metro,
examples
vehicles
w Fire fighting systems installed in the tunnel bay that time
didn’t help fire brigades task. Conditions in the tunnel became
untenable.
During last years several projects have been launched by
Administrations in order to better understand hazard and to
evaluate different solutions and strategies to improve safety in
tunnels. Special mention to the UPTUN
2. Low Pressure Water Mist System
Water mist system tested is a low pressure water mist solution
designed to be used with plain water. Proposed solution is offered
and supplied by modules in order to reduce cost and installation
time. Two types of modules, primary modules or activation modules
and secondary modules, are supplied; each module is 10 meter
long. See Figure 1.
TÜYAK 2009
At the fire
boundary
5 1-2 cars ISO 834
10
20
30
50
70
100
150
200 or
higher
Small van,
3-3 cars ++
Big van,
public bus.
multiple
vehicles
Bus, empty
HGV
Combustibles
load on truck
HGV
load with
combustibles
(approx 4
tonne)
HGV
(average)
Loaded with
easy comb
HGV (approx
10 tons)
Limited by
oxygen,
petrol tanker,
multiple
HGVs
Electric
locomotive
passengers
carriage
Open
freight
wagons
with lorries
limited
oxygen
Figure 1. Low pressure water mist system
Low
combustible
passengers
carriage
Normal
combustble
pessengers
carriage
Two
Carriages
Multiple
carriages
(more that
two)
ISO 834
ISO 834
ISO 834
ISO 834
HC
HC
RWS
RWS
3