ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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166 ■ THE <strong>ECONOMICS</strong> OF <strong>UNIQUENESS</strong> Th e decay of the historic city cores occurred amid other developments: the rapid expansion of the peripheries that led to the loss of economic activities and importance of the historic city cores of Salvador and Quito; the deterioration of the economic base in Valparaiso, highly dependent on port and industrial assemblage activities during the import substitution period of the economic development of the country; and social unrest in Oaxaca (fi gure 6.5B) that hurt the tourism industry. In turning the deterioration process around, Quito counted on the role of its historic city core as the seat of the national government, and Oaxaca on the strong local identity shared by its inhabitants. Salvador and Valparaiso were not lucky enough to have such advantages, and weak performance of the local institutions worsened their plight. Th e case studies show that the initial concern expressed about the deterioration of the historic city cores emerged among members of cultural groups, and their urging prompted public authorities to organize the listing and protection of the urban heritage areas. However, cultural groups acted only sporadically to preserve outstanding buildings at risk, with these eff orts mainly funded by philanthropic institutions. As discussed earlier, this level of activity did not lead nor contribute to the establishment of a sustainable conservation and development process. As it can be observed in all the reviewed cases (table 6.3), the justifi cation for conservation was concerned with the historic and aesthetic values of the heritage areas—the main concerns articulated then by cultural groups. An in-depth analysis of the actors that have participated in the conservation process and its actions indicates that the process in Salvador and Valparaiso corresponds quite closely to the pattern of a process driven mostly by the historic and aesthetic socio-cultural values of the heritage (table 6.3A). In Quito and Oaxaca, the combination of actors and actions corresponds to patterns that are closer to the processes driven by a more diversifi ed set of values attached to the heritage (table 6.3B). Th e diff erences are in the number of actors involved, limited in the former case, more diverse in the latter ones. Th e other major diff erence is the diversity of spheres of social interaction in which values are put into play: mostly political and linked to transactions within the elite in Salvador and Valparaiso, but also including the market and grassroot spheres in the cases of Oaxaca and Quito (Rojas 2012). Th e more diverse set of actors operating in the cases of Oaxaca and Quito, and their engagement in preserving assets holding a wider variety of values, led to enlarging the scope of conservation activities. Th ese included attracting funds and resources from a more varied set of actors—thus providing a stronger basis for more sustainable conservation processes. However, this kind of process poses a more complex governance challenge: the coordination and correct sequencing of the interventions of all the stakeholders. A closer look at the institutional arrangements used in the conservation eff orts under
GOVERNANCE IN HISTORIC CITY CORE REGENERATION PROJECTS ■ 167 TABLE 6.3 Oaxaca, Quito, Salvador de Bahia, and Valparaiso: Year of Inclusion and Justifi cation for Inclusion on the World Heritage List City Year Justifi cation for the Listing Oaxaca 1987 The historic city core contains a total of 1,200 historic monuments, spared by the evolution of the city, and has been inventoried and listed. The major religious monuments (cathedral, Santo Domingo, San Francisco, San Agustín, San Filipo Neri, Soledad, etc.), the superb patrician townhouses (including the home of Cortés), and whole streets lined with other dwellings combine to create a harmonious cityscape, and reconstitute the image of a former colonial city whose monumental aspect has been kept intact. Fine architectural quality also characterizes the 19th-century buildings in this city that was the birthplace of Benito Juarez and which, in 1872, adopted the name of Oaxaca de Juarez. The city is also endowed with an important ensemble of pre-Columbian architecture, the Zapotec necropolis of Monte Alban. Quito 1978 The historic city core is a harmonious ensemble where the manmade and the natural elements are brought together to create a unique and transcendental city. With its historic core and heritage buildings, the city is an outstanding example of the baroque school of Quito, a fusion of European and indigenous art and urban architecture. Salvador de Bahia 1985 Established as the fi rst capital of Brazil, from 1549 to 1763, Salvador de Bahia witnessed the blending of European, African, and Amerindian cultures. From 1558 it was also the fi rst slave market in the New World, with slaves arriving to work on the sugar cane plantations. The city has managed to preserve many outstanding colonial, baroque, and renaissance buildings. Special features of the historic city core include the brightly colored houses, often decorated with fi ne stuccowork. Valparaiso 2003 The city participated in an early phase of globalization in the late 19th century when it became the leading mercantile port for the shipping routes on the Pacifi c coast of South America. The historic city core and its layout, infrastructure, and architecture characterize the seaport city, which has a unique geographical and topographical environment. The geographical conditions of Valparaiso are so severe that the adaptation of the streets, public spaces, and buildings to the natural landscape gave rise to an entirely original urban structure. Source: UNESCO World Heritage List: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list. discussion allows an analysis of how feasible it is to expand the set of actors and values supporting the process. Given that the institutional arrangements are closely connected to the mode of fi nancing of the conservation process, these topics will be discussed fi rst to provide background for the institutional analysis.
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Th e Urban Development Series discu
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© 2012 International Bank for Reco
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vi ■ CONTENTS Project Appraisal i
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viii ■ CONTENTS Appendix II: Addi
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x ■ CONTENTS 7.4 Tourism Is Coupl
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xii ■ CONTENTS 9.1 How to Organiz
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Exegi monumentum aere perennius reg
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ■ xvii Cultural O
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xx ■ OVERVIEW What Are the Object
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xxii ■ OVERVIEW and captures the
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xxiv ■ OVERVIEW periphery, especi
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xxvi ■ OVERVIEW tourism—by impr
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xxviii ■ OVERVIEW 3. Institutiona
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1 Livable Historic City Cores and E
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LIVABLE HISTORIC CITY CORES AND ENA
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2 Investing in the Sense of Place:
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INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PLACE ■
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0 45° INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PL
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FIGURE 2.4 continued INVESTING IN T
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A Dubious Alternative: Property Rec
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46 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS
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TABLE 4.1 Overview of Hedonic Price
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FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HISTORIC C
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BOX 8.2 FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HI
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BOX 8.3 FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HI
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TABLE 8.1 Local Financial Tools Use
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FIGURE 8.4 Brownfi eld Concession T
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Boxes, fi gures, maps, notes, and t
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China. See also specifi c cities ac
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public sector role, 222-26, 223b, 2
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Kraay, A., 198 Kratz, C. G., 96 L l
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Pine Ridge Reservation (U.S.), 238
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Shaoxing, China, local residents re
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urban economics appraisal approach,
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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